Chapter 11 - Basic Concepts of Organic Chemistry Flashcards
What is the difference between a saturated and an unsaturated hydrocarbon?
A saturated hydrocarbon only has single bonds, whereas an unsaturated hydrocarbon contains multiple bonds.
What is a homologous series?
A family of compounds with similar chemical properties whose successive members differ by the addition of a
-CH2 group
What is a functional group?
The part of an organic molecule that is responsible for the molecule’s chemical properties.
What is an aliphatic hydrocarbon?
Carbon atoms are joined to each other in a straight chain, or branched chains, or non-aromatic chains.
What is an alicyclic hydrocarbon?
Carbon atoms are joined to each other in a cyclic structure.
What is an aromatic hydrocarbon?
Some or all of the carbon atoms are in a benzene ring.
What is the difference between alkanes, alkenes and alkynes?
Alkanes = Single carbon-carbon bonds Alkenes = One or more double carbon-carbon bond Alkynes = One or more carbon-carbon triple bond
What are the names of the first 10 alkanes?
Methane Ethane Propane Butane Pentane Hexane Heptane Octane Nonane Decane
What is the functional group and suffix for an aldehyde?
CHO
-al
What is the functional group and suffix for an ketone?
-C(C=O)C-
What is a general formula?
The simplest algebraic formula for any member of a homologous series.
What is displayed formula?
Shows the relative positioning of all of the atoms in a molecule and the bonds.
What is structural formula?
Shows which groups are bonded together.
What is a structural isomer?
Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formula.
What is homolytic fission?
When a covalent bond breaks, each of the bonded atoms takes one electron from the bonded pair to form 2 radicals.
What is formed after homolytic fission?
2 atoms with an unpaired electron.
These atoms are called free radicals.
What is heterolytic fission?
When a covalent bond breaks, one of the bonded atoms takes both electrons from the electron pair.
What is formed after heterolytic fission?
A positive and a negative ion
What are curly arrows used to show?
The movement of electron pairs when bonds are being broken or made.
What is an addition reaction?
2 reactants join together to form 1 product
What is a substitution reaction?
An atom or group of atoms is replaced by another atom or group of atoms
What is an elimination reaction?
The removal of a small molecule from a larger one.
1 reactant breaks down into 2 products
Where must a curly arrow start from?
A covalent bond, a lone pair of electrons, or a negative charge
