SYNTHESIS ROUTES Flashcards
ALKENE → ALCOHOL
DIRECT HYDRATION
REAGENT: steam + H3PO4 catalyst
CONDITION: 300ºc + 60-70 atm
ALKENE → ALKANE
HYDROGENATION
REAGENT: H2 + Nickle catalyst
CONDITION: 150ºc
–> used in margarine manufacture
ALKENE → HALOALKANE
+ draw mechanism
ELECTROPHILIC ADDITION
REAGENT: Hydrogen Halide (H=+) (X=-)
CONDITION: room temp
- mechanism
arrow from C=C to H, arrow from H to BR
arrow from BR- to +carbon
ALCOHOL → ALKENE
ELIMINATION (removes water)
REAGENT: CONC. H3PO4 catalyst
CONDITION: REFLUX
ALCOHOL → ESTER (+H2O)
-removes water
REAGENT: carboxylic acid + CONC H2SO4 catatlyst
CONDITION: reflux
-used in flavourings, solvents, plasticisers
ALKENE + STEAM (+H3PO4)
ALCOHOL
ALKENE + H2 (+Ni)
ALKANE
ALKENE +HYDROGEN HALIDE
HALOALKANE
ALCOHOL (+ H3PO4 + REFLUX)
ALKENE
ALCOHOL + CARBOXYLIC ACID
ESTER + H2O
ALKENE → ALCOHOL TYPE OF REACTION
DIRECT HYDRATION
ALKENE → ALKANE TYPE OF REACTION
HYDROGENATION
ALKENE → HALOALKANE TYPE OF REACTION
ELECTROPHILIC ADDITION
ALCOHOL → ALKENE TYPE OF REACTION
ELIMINATION
ALCOHOL → HALOALKANE
REAGENT: sodium halide + H2SO4
CONDITION: reflux
ALCOHOL + SODIUM HALIDE (+H2SO4)
HALOALKANE
ALCOHOL → ALDEHYDE
REAGENT: 1º alcohol
CONDITIONS: distill, getnle heat + acidified K2Cr2O7
1º ALCOHOL DISTILLED + HEATED GENTLY
ALDEHYDE
ALCOHOL → ALDEHYDE TYPE OF REACTION
OXIDATION
ALCOHOL → ALDEHYDE OBSERVATION
COLOUR CHANGE
ORANGE → GREEN
ALCOHOL → KETONE
REAGENT: 2º alcohol
CONDITION: reflux w/ acidified K2Cr2O7
*in equation w/ [O] remeber it is [O] per alcohol group
ALCOHOL → KETONE TYPE OF REACTION
OXIDATION
ALCOHOL → KETONE OBSERVATION
COLOUR CHANGE
ORANGE → GREEN
ALDEHYDE → CARBOXYLIC ACID
oxidation
REAGENT: aldehyde + acidified K2CR2O7
CONDITION: reflux
*in equation w/ [O] remeber it is 1[O] per aldehyde group
ALDEHYDE + REFLUX W/ H+/K2CR2O7
CARBOXYLIC ACID
ALDEHYDE → CARBOXYLIC ACID TYPE OF REACTION
OXIDATION
ALCOHOL → CARBOXYLIC ACID
REGENT: 1º alcohol + acidified K2CR2O7
CONDITION: reflux
*in equation w/ [O] remember it is 2[O] per alcohol group
1º ALCOHOL + REFLUX W/ H+/K2CR2O7
CARBOXYLIC ACID
ALDEHYDE → 1º ALCOHOL
+ mech
NUCLEOPHILIC ADDITION
REAGENT: warm, aq NaBH4 (:H-)
*mechanism:
arrow on C=O from C→O, arrow from :H- to C
arrow from :O- to H on H-O-H
ALDEHYDE + WARM NaBH4 (aq)
1º ALCOHOL
ALDEHYDE → 1º ALCOHOL TYPE OF REACTION
NUCLEOPHILIC ADDITION
KETONE → 2º ALCOHOL
+ mech
NUCLEOPHILIC ADDITION
REAGENT: warm, aq NaBH4 (:H-)
*mechanism:
arrow on C=O from C→O, arrow from :H- to C
arrow from :O- to H on H-O-H
KETONE + WARM NaBH4 (aq)
2º ALCOHOL
KETONE → 2º ALCOHOL TYPE OF REACTION
NUCLEOPHILIC ADDITION
CARBONYL → HYDROXYNITRILE
NUCLEOPHILIC ADDITION CN- = nucleophile
REAGENT: HCN made in situ (NaCN + H2SO4) .:. NaCN/H+
CONDITION: Reflux in alkaline condition
*mechanism:
arrow from C→O (C=O), arrow from -:CN to C
arrow from :O- →H+
CARBONYL → HYDROXYNITRILE TYPE OF REACTION
NUCLEOPHILIC ADDITION
CARBONYL + NaCN/H+
HYDROXYNITRILE
CARBOXYLIC ACID → ESTER
REAGENT: ALCOHOL + CONC H2SO4
CONDITION: REFLUX
produces H2O
CARBOXYLIC ACID + ALCOHOL (+ CONC H2SO4)
ESTER
ACYL CHLORIDE → ESTER
REAGENT: ACYL CHLORIDE + ALCOHOL
CONDITION: DRY REFLUX
produces HCL