DEFINITIONS Flashcards
ATOM ECONOMY
(∑mr of desired product ÷ ∑mr of all products) x 100
STRUCTURAL ISOMER
compounds w/ the same mr
but different structural formular
STEREOISOMER
compounds w/ the same structural formula
but atoms have different arrangements in space
ACID
species that releases H+ in aq solution
Ka
Ka = [H+(aq)] [A- (aq)] ÷ [HA (aq)]
acid-base pair
pair of two species that transform into eachother by the gain / loss of H+
activation energy
the minimum amount of energy required to start a reaction by breaking the bond
adsorption
when a gas / liquid / solute is held to the surface of a solid
alicyclic
C ring that is not aromatic
anion
negatively charged ion w/ more e- than H+
atomic number
number of protons in nucleus of an atom
average bond enthalpy
the average energy change when breaking 1 mol of a given type of bond by homolytic fission in molecules of a gaseous species
AVOGADRO’S CONSTANT
6.02 x10^23
the number of atoms per mole of the C12 isoptope
base
a compound that neutralises and acid to form a salt
Brønsted-Lowry Acid
H+ donor
Brønsted-Lowry Base
H+ acceptor
buffer solution
a system that minimises the change in pH on addition of a small amount of acid / base
catalyst
a substance that incr. rate of reaction without being used up in the process
provides an alternative pathway for the reaction with a lower activation energy
chiral carbon
a C attached to 4 different groups/atoms
conjugate acid
a species that releases a proton to form a conjugate base
conjugate base
a species that accepts a proton to form a conjugate acid
covalent bond
the strong electrostatic force of attraction between a shared pair of e- + the nuclei of bonded atoms
dative covalent
a shared pair of e- in which the bonded pair has been provided ONLY by one of the bonded atoms
optical isomers / enantiomers
stereoisomers that are non-superimposable mirror images of one another
Kc
measure of the position of equilibrium
Kc = [C]^c [D]^d ÷ [A]^a [B]^b
free energy change (GIBBS)
∆G = ∆H - T∆S
-reaction feasible when ∆G is 0 or neg
half life
time taken for the concentration of a reactant to decrease by half
heterogenous catalyst
catalyst + reactants have different physical states
homogenous catalyst
catalyst + reactants have same physical states
heterolytic fission
the breaking of a covalent bond w/ both of the bonded e- going to one of the species, forming a cation + anion