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2) Biochemistry II > Synthesis of Amino Acids > Flashcards

Synthesis of Amino Acids Flashcards

1
Q

Which amino acids can bacteria and plants synthesize?

A

All the amino acids

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2
Q

Which amino acids can mammals synthesize?

A

Only synthesize 10 amino acids from intermediates of metabolic pathways due to a lack of enzymatic machinery

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3
Q

Are all intermediates a source of an amino group?

A
  • NO; most only have a carbon backbone

- Glutamate and Glutamine are the sources of the amino group

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4
Q

What is the mnemonic for the essential amino acids?

A

Vegetarian Prescribed High Lipid Meal To Increase Triglyceride Levels

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5
Q

What are the 9 essential amino acids?

A 
Valine
Phenylalanine
Histidine
Methionine
Threonine
Isoleucine
Tryptophan
Leucine
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6
Q

What are non-standard amino acids termed? Provide examples.

A
  • Non-protein coding amino acids

- Ex: GABA, homocysteine, man-made amino acids

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7
Q

What is the 21st amino acids? What is it derived from? Where can it be synthesized?

A
  • Selenocysteine
  • Formed from selenium
  • Synthesized on tRNA from cysteine
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8
Q

Selenocysteine is coded by what? In what types of situations?

A
  • UGA in a context-depending manner

- UGA does not ALWAYS code for selenocysteine (it is normally a stop-codon)

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9
Q

What is the 22nd amino acid? In what organisms is it utilized in?

A
  • Pyrrolysine
  • Utilized in methane-producing bacteria
  • NOT utilized in mammals or Eukaryotes
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10
Q

What is tyrosine derived from?

A
  • Phenylalanine (essential)

- Tyrosine (conditionally essential)

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11
Q

What can a-ketoglutarate synthesize?

A

Glutamate

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12
Q

What can glutamate synthesize?

A
  • Glutamine
  • Proline
  • Arginine
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13
Q

Why are glutamine, proline, and arginine conditionally essential?

A

The enzymatic machinery that converts glutamate to theses AA may not be efficient in certain situations

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14
Q

3-phosphoglycerate is an intermediate of what?

A

Glycolysis

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15
Q

What can 3-phosphoglycerate synthesize?

A

Serine

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16
Q

What can serine synthesize?

A
  • Glycine (conditionally essential)

- Cysteine (conditionally essential)

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17
Q

What can oxaloacetate synthesize?

A

Aspartate

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18
Q

What can aspartate synthesize?

A
  • Asparagine
  • Methionine
  • Lysine
  • Threonine
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19
Q

Why is asparagine a special amino acid?

A
  • For reasons unknown, certain malignant lymphocytes require Asparagine for growth
  • Enzymes involved in the synthesis of Asparagine from Aspartate are targeted for cancer therapy
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20
Q

Is asparagine essential, non-essential, or conditionally essential?

A

Conditionally essential

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21
Q

Is alanine essential, non-essential, or conditionally essential?

A

Non-essential

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22
Q

What can pyruvate synthesize?

A
  • Alanine
  • Valine
  • Leucine
  • Isoleucine
23
Q

In what organisms may phenylalanine be synthesized to produce tyrosine?

A

In mammals alone

24
Q

What produces phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan?

A

Phosphoenolpyruvate + erythrose 4-phosphate

25
Q

What can ribose-5-phosphate synthesize?

A

Histidine

26
Q

Is the pentose phosphate pathway important for amino acid synthesis in mammals? Why/why not?

A
  • Not important

- Since histidine is an essential amino acid

27
Q

What is the consequence of an accumulation of porphyrin intermediates?

A

Porphyria diseases

28
Q

What are the two steps to heme synthesis?

A

1) Glycine interacts with Succinyl-CoA

2) Delta-Aminolevulinate (8) are combined and hydrated

29
Q

Plants and most bacteria synthesize Delta-Aminolevulinate from what?

A

Glutamate

30
Q

What does glycine need to interact with to produce Delta-Aminolevulinate?

A

Succinyl-CoA

31
Q

How many Delta-Aminolevulinate must be combined in heme synthesis?

A

8

32
Q

The combination of 8 Delta-Aminolevulinate and hydration results in what?

A

Porphobilinogen, creating the first benzene ring structure

33
Q

How is protoporphryin created? What must be incorporated to produce heme?

A
  • Through the addition of ring structures to porphobilinogen

- When protoporphryin incorporates iron = heme

34
Q

What acts as a precursor for bile pigments through bile acid synthesis?

A

Heme

35
Q

What does heme oxygenase do?

A
  • Removes CO and Fe3+ from heme

- Converts heme to biliverdin

36
Q

What does biliverdin reductase do?

A

Reduces biliverdin to produce bilirubin

37
Q

Where is bilirubin transported to? What is it bound to?

A

Bilirubin is transported in the blood with serum albumin into the liver

38
Q

What does Glucoronyl-bilirubin transferase do?

A

Converts bilirubin to bilirubin diglucoronide, which is secreted in the intestine

39
Q

What happens bilirubin diglucoronide in the intestine?

A

Bacteria converts it to urobilinogen

40
Q

What are the two possible pathways of urobilinogen?

A
  • Transported to the kidney and converted to urobilin (excreted)
  • Converted to stercobilin in the intestine (excreted)
41
Q

What happens when someone gets a bruise?

A
  • When heme escapes, it loses oxygen and appears purple-black
  • Hours: heme is converted to biliverdin (green)
  • Days: bilirubin (yellow)
42
Q

What is the consequence of an accumulation of bilirubin?

A

Jaundice (infants)

43
Q

Which amino acids is creatine derived from?

A
  • Glycine
  • Arginine
  • Methionine
44
Q

How does creatine become phosphocreatine?

A

Phosphorylated by creatine kinase

45
Q

What is the function of phosphocreatine?

A
  • Stores phosphate groups for ATP synthesis

- Buffer system for muscular ATP

46
Q

What did Dr. Lucy Willis do in the Serendipity Leukemia treatment?

A
  • Folate treatment for macrolytic anemia

- India

47
Q

What did Dr. Y Subbarao do in the Serendipity Leukemia treatment?

A
  • Purified creatine and ATP

- Methotrexate

48
Q

What did Dr. Sidney Farbey do in the Serendipity Leukemia treatment?

A
  • Methotrexate treatment for leukemia

- “Anti-folate”

49
Q

What is glutathione synthesized from?

A
  • Glutamate
  • Cysteine
  • Glycine
50
Q

What is the function of glutathione?

A

Prevents oxidative damage

51
Q

What is epinephrine derived from? What is its function?

A
  • Tyrosine

- Fight or flight

52
Q

What is GABA derived from? What is its function?

A
  • Glutamate
  • Main inhibitory signal in the CNS
  • Needed for muscle tone
53
Q

What is histamine derived from? What is its function?

A
  • Histidine
  • Released during allergic reactions
  • Stimulates HCl secretion in the stomach
54
Q

What is serotonin derived from? What is its function?

A
  • Tryptophan
  • Regulates intestinal movement
  • “Feel-good” hormone

2) Biochemistry II (23 decks)

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