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2) Biochemistry II > Regulation of Metabolic Pathways > Flashcards

Regulation of Metabolic Pathways Flashcards

1
Q

How are pathways interconnected?

A
  • They have common metabolites that participate in both

- They have endparts that are important for the progression of other pathways

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2
Q

What pathways does glucose-6-phosphate participate in?

A
  • Glycolysis
  • Pentose-Phosphate pathway
  • Polysaccharide synthesis
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3
Q

What is the Pasteur effect?

A
  • A slowing or complete cessation of alcoholic fermentation in the presence of oxygen
  • Glucose utilization in yeast is dependent on the presence or absence of oxygen
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4
Q

What does yeast do in the absence of oxygen?

A

Converts glucose into CO2 and alcohol in order to make ATP

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5
Q

What does yeast do in the presence of oxygen?

A

The end product can be used in the TCA cycle; utilized for something else

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6
Q

Yeast are __________ microorganisms

A

Facultative; can live with or without oxygen

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7
Q

How do cells maintain a dynamic steady state?

A

They maintain an amount of ATP that is necessary for energy utilization based on the energy source

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8
Q

Give two examples of how cells allocate nutrients for the maintenance of dynamic steady state levels?

A
  • Blood glucose (glucose utilization)

- Fat storage (fatty acid mobilization)

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9
Q

What can stem cells become through cellular differentiation?

A

Any type of blood cells

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10
Q

What is the difference between stem cells and RBCs?

A
  • RBCs do not contain a nucleus or a mitochondria

- Stem cells do; they can utilize nutrients using all of their organelles

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11
Q

What type of energy generation is used in RBCs?

A

Anaerobic because they do not have a mitochondria

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12
Q

What does tissue repair require?

A
  • Energy

- Biosynthetic precursors

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13
Q

What nutrient source do neurons depend on?

A
  • Entirely depend on glucose

- Because they do not have a storage capacity of nutrients

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14
Q

What do neurons use in ketosis?

A

Ketones (rare)

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15
Q

What do cardiac myocytes depend on in terms of nutrients?

A

Fatty acids

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16
Q

What is the first point of enzyme regulation?

A

Extracellular signals

17
Q

How can transcription factors be regulated? (2)

A
  • By phosphorylation or dephosphorylation

- By interacting with other proteins or transcription factors, which promotes regulation

18
Q

In what ways can RNA be regulated?

A
  • Stability

- Translation

19
Q

If mRNA is stable, will it automatically be transcribed?

A

No

20
Q

What is protein stability?

A

How long a protein is maintained in the cell (half-life)

21
Q

What are cyclins? How are they regulated?

A
  • Proteins that are important for cell cycles

- Synthesized and degraded depending on their requirement, which depends on the state of the cell

22
Q

When do cells synthesize proteins? When do they degrade them?

A
  • Synthesize: whenever they want

- Degrade: when they are not needed anymore

23
Q

How does enzyme localization regulate enzymes?

A
  • Enzymes might not be functional outside of an organelle (ex: mitochondria)
  • If cells do not have an organelle, they can lack specific enzymes (ex: mitochondria)
24
Q

Which 6 methods regulate levels of enzymes? Can it be measured?

A
  • Yes
    1) Extracellular Signals
    2) Transcriptional Regulation
    3) mRNA Stability
    4) mRNA translation
    5) Protein stability
    6) Enzyme localization
25
Q

What 4 methods regulate the activity of enzymes?

A

1) Changes of levels of substrate
2) Enzyme binding “allosteric effectors”
3) Covalent modification
4) Interaction with regulatory proteins

26
Q

How does changes in levels of substrate affect activity?

A
  • Activity increases when there is an increase in substrate

- At a certain point, the activity reaches a plateau

27
Q

What are allosteric effectors?

A

Small molecules that interact with the enzyme and change its activity

28
Q

Which amino acid residues can be modified by phosphorylation or dephosphorylation?

A

Serine
Threonine
Tyrosine

29
Q

Give an example of how covalent modification can regulate the function of an enzyme.

A

The presence or absence of phosphate

30
Q

How does interaction with regulatory proteins regulate enzymes?

A

Enzymes that function in multimeric complexes interact with many protein groups

31
Q

Why are glycolysis and gluconeogenesis not favored at the same time? **

A

Pathways in opposite directions are NOT favoured simultaneously

32
Q

What is the difference between glycolysis and gluconeogenesis?

A

Glycolysis: degrades glucose
Gluconeogenesis: synthesizes glucose

33
Q

Why do cells regulate common pathways?

A

To maximize product utilization

2) Biochemistry II (23 decks)

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