Synthesis- Benzene

Question 1

Why is the benzene ring stable?

Answer 1

The delocalisation of electrons in the
conjugated system

Question 2

How can bonding in benzene be described?

Answer 2

In terms of sp2 hybridisation,
sigma and pi bonds, and electron delocalisation

Question 3

What is a phenyl group?

Answer 3

A benzene ring in which one hydrogen atom has been substituted by another group

Question 4

What type of reaction can the benzene ring participate in?

Answer 4

Electrophilic substitution reactions

Question 5

Describe halogenation at a benzene ring.

Answer 5

Reaction of a halogen using aluminium chloride or
iron(III) chloride for chlorination and aluminium bromide or iron(III) bromide for bromination

Question 6

Describe alkylation at a benzene ring.

Answer 6

Reaction of a haloalkane using aluminium chloride

Question 7

Describe nitration at a benzene ring.

Answer 7

Using concentrated sulfuric acid and concentrated nitric
acid

Question 8

Describe sulfonation at a benzene ring.

Answer 8

Using concentrated sulfuric acid