Synthesis Flashcards
NaOH(aq) or KOH(aq) + monohaloalkane
Alcohol (Nucleophilic substitution)
NaOH(eth) or KOH(eth) + monohaloalkane
alkene (elimination)
Alcoholic alkoxide(dissolved in alcohol used to make it) + monohaloalkane
Ether (Nucleophilic substitution)
Example of alcoholic alkoxide?
Contains alkoxide ion RO- e.g CH3O-
KCN(eth) or NaCN(eth) (Ethanolic cyanide) + monohaloalkane
Nitrile (Nucleophilic substitution)
Example of ethanolic cyanide?
KCN or NaCN
What does the hydrolysis of a nitrile form?
A carboxylic acid
What mechanism do tertiary haloalkanes favour and why?
Sn1 because of steric hinderance and inductive stabilisation
What carbocation is most stable?
tertiary carbocation
Br2/Cl2 + alkene
dihaloalkane (electrophilic addition) triangular intermediate structure
Hydrogen halide ( H—X) + alkene
monohaloalkane (electrophilic addition)
Markovnikovs rule?
The X atom in H—-X bonds to the carbon with the most carbons attached to it
H2O + alkene
Alcohol (acid catalysed hydration)
Primary amine?
NH2 ( 1 H replaced)
Secondary amine?
NH (2 H replaced)
Tertiary amine?
N (All H replaced)
Why is X the minor product? (refer to markovnikovs rule)
less stable carbocation
How to form ketones?
oxidise secondary alcohol
How to form aldehyde or carboxylic acid?
oxidise primary alcohol
what is used to reduce ketones and aldehydes?
Lithium aluminium hydride/ LiAlH4
Benzene + halogen (catalyst AlCl3/AlBr3 or FeCl3/AlBr3)
Halogenation
Benzene + concH2SO4
Sulfonation
Benzene + concH2SO4 and concHNO3
Nitration
Benzene + haloalkane (catalyst AlCl3)
Alkylation
