Synthesis 1 Flashcards
What is bond fission?
When an organic reaction takes place, bonds in the reaction molecules are broken and bonds in the product molecules are made.
What does homolytic fission result in?
Formation of 2 neutral radicals.
How does homolytic fission occur?
When each atom retains 1 electron from the sigma covalent bond and the bond breaks evenly.
When does homolytic fission usually occur?
When non polar covalent bonds are broken.
What do reactions involving homolytic fission tend to result in?
Formation of very complex mixtures of products, making them unsuitable for organic synthesis.
What does heterolytic fission result in?
Formation of 2 oppositely charged ions.
How does heterolytic fission occur?
When one atom retains both electrons from the sigma bonds the bond breaks evenly
When does heterolytic fission usually occur?
When polar covalent bonds are broken.
What do reactions involving heterolytic fission tend to result in?
Far fewer products than reactions involving homolytic fission, and so are better suited for organic synthesis.
What are Nucleophiles?
Negatively charged ions or molecules that are electron rich.
What are Nucleophiles attracted towards?
Atoms bearing partial positive or full positive charge.
What are Nucleophiles capable of?
Donating an electron pair to form a new covalent bond.
What are electrophiles?
Positively charged ions or neutral molecules that are electron deficient.
What are electrophiles attracted towards?
Atoms bearing partial negative or full negative charge.
What are electrophiles capable of?
Accepting an electron pair to form a new covalent bond.
Substitution reaction?
Atom of functional group of an atom replaced by a different atom or functional group.
Additional reaction?
2 or more molecules combine to form a larger molecule. (Takes place across a double or triple bond)
Elimination reaction?
Single molecule splits up to form 2 products. One of the products will be a small molecule, like water; the other will be unsaturated.
Condensation reaction?
Two molecules combine to form a larger molecule, together with the loss of a small molecule.
Hydrolysis reaction?
Organic molecule reacts with water to produce 2 smaller molecules.
Oxidation reaction?
Molecule gains an oxygen atom or loses a hydrogen atom (O:H ratio increases)
Reduction reaction?
Molecule loses an oxygen atom or gains a hydrogen atom (O:H ratio decreases).
Neutralisation reaction?
When an acid reacts with a base to produce a salt.
