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Linguistics > Syntax > Flashcards

Syntax Flashcards

1
Q

syntax

A

speaker’s knowledge of sentences and their structure

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2
Q

what are the lexical categories?

A

Noun (N)
Verb (V)
Adjective (A)
Preposition (P)
Adverb (Adv)

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3
Q

what are the 2 different syntactic categories?

A
  1. Lexical (content words): Add ‘content’ or meaning, open class - new words are easily created
  2. Functional: Add grammatical information, closed class - nearly impossible to add new words
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4
Q

Morphological tests for nouns

A

Derivational affixes: –ness, -ment, -ity, -(t)ion, etc.
Inflectional suffixes: -s, -‘s

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5
Q

Syntactic tests for nouns

A
  1. come after determiners:
    - articles (a, an, the)
    - quantifiers (a few, a little, few, many, much, little, etc.)
    - numbers (one, twenty, etc.)
    - demonstratives (this, that, those, these)
    - possessive determiners (my, your, his/her, our, their)
  2. come after adjectives:
  3. usually the subject or object of the sentence:
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6
Q

morphological tests for verbs

A

Derivational affixes: re-, -ize, -ify, -ate, pre-, etc.
Inflectional suffixes: -en, -ed, -s, -ing

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7
Q

Syntactic tests for verbs

A
  1. come after regular auxiliaries
    - be, do, have
  2. come after modal auxiliaries
    - might, can, could, should, would, will,etc.
  3. come after subjects or before objects (SVO)
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8
Q

morphological tests for adjectives

A

Derivational affixes: –ish, -ous, -ed, -ing, etc.
Inflectional suffixes: -er, -est

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9
Q

syntactic tests for adjectives

A
  1. come before nouns
  2. come after degree words/intensifiers: very, so, extremely, pretty, etc
  3. come between determiners and nouns
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10
Q

morphological tests for adverbs

A

Derivational affixes: –ly
Inflectional suffixes: -er, -est

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11
Q

syntactic tests for adverbs

A
  1. They come after verbs
  2. They come after degree words/intensifiers
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12
Q

prepositions

A
  • indicate locations, space, and directions
    ex. in, at, from, for, with, during, on, between
  • must have a noun following them
  • sometimes follow an adjective
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13
Q

Degree words (Deg)

A

too, so, very, etc.
- modify qualities

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14
Q

what are the functional categories?

A

Determiner (Det)
Auxiliary Verbs (Aux)
Conjunction (Conj)
Degree words (Deg)

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15
Q

Conjunction (Conj)

A

and, or, etc
- connects words, phrases, clauses, or sentences

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16
Q

Auxiliary Verbs (Aux)

A

must, should, have, etc.
- helping verbs, are verbs that accompany a main verb to form a verb phrase

17
Q

Determiner (Det)

A

the, a, my, that, every, etc
- help clarify what the noun refers to in a sentence

18
Q

consituent

A
  • aka: phrase
    word or a group of words that function together as a discrete unit
19
Q

Testing consitutents

A
  • any one of the tests works, then the string is usually a constituent, Ideally, two tests should be used to make a
    conclusion
  • the result of the test is ungrammatical (or there is loss of
    original meaning), then the string of words is not a constituent
20
Q

substitution test

A

If you can replace a group of words with a single word/simple phrase, it is likely a constituent

21
Q

What substitutes noun phrases (NP)

A
  • pronouns
    ex. Tiny puppies chew tasty treats at home
    They chew them at home
  • tiny puppy and tasty treats are constituents
22
Q

What substitutes some prepositional phrases (PPs)

A
  • there
    ex. Tiny puppies chew tasty treat at home
    Tiny puppies chew tasty treat there
  • at home is a constituent
23
Q

what substitutes VPs (predicates)

A

Do so or did so
ex. Tiny puppies chew tasty treats at home.
Tiny puppies do so
- chew tasty treats at home is a consitutent

24
Q

stand-alone test

A
  • Constituents can stand alone in response to a question.
  • Strings of words that are not constituents cannot do so
    ex. Josh swam towards the horizon
    Q: Where did Josh swim? A: towards the horizon
  • towards the horizon is a constituent
25
Q

Clefting Test (Movement Test)

A
  • restructures a sentence to focus on one specific constituent
  • can be used to test NPs and PPs
    template:
    It is/was [phrase] that [remainder of the sentence
    ex. I received the good news [on Monday].
    clefting: It was [on Monday] that [I received the good news].
26
Q

subject of the sentence

A
  • part of the sentence that tells us who or what the sentence is about
  • noun phrase
27
Q

predicate of the sentence

A
  • part of the sentence that tells us what happens to the subject or what the subject is doing
  • verb phrase
28
Q

A sentence can be broken up into two major constituents

A

A subject (NP) and a predicate (VP)

29
Q

What are the possible phrases in English?

A

Noun phrases, verb phrases, adjective phrases, adverb phrases, and prepositional phrases

30
Q

phrase heads

A
  • it is obligatory
  • determines the phrase type
  • central word that determines the type and characteristics of the phrase
31
Q

NP Phrase Structure Rule

A

NP → (Det) (AdjP+) N (PP+)
- Elements in brackets (Det), (AdjP), and (PP) are optional!
- An NP may have multiple AdjPs and PPs (indicated by a +)
- The only obligatory element in a phrase is the head = Noun

32
Q

VP Phrase Structure Rule

A

VP → (Aux) (AdvP) V (AdjP) (NP+) (AdvP) (PP+) (AdvP)
- AdvPs are mobile - they can
occur in various positions inside the VP
- only obligatory element in the phrase is the Verb

33
Q

AdjP Phrase Structure Rule

A

AdjP → (Deg) Adj (PP)
- only obligatory element is the Adjective

34
Q

AdvP Phrase Structure Rule

A

AdvP → (Deg) Adv
- only obligatory element is the adverb

35
Q

PP Phrase Structure Rule

A

PP → P NP
- NP an obligatory part of the PP
- the head is the Preposition

36
Q

Clause Phrase Structure Rule

A

Clause → NP VP

Linguistics (5 decks)

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