Morphology Flashcards

1
Q

morphology

A

study of word structure

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2
Q

simple vs complex words

A

simple: 1 morpheme
complex: > 1 morpheme

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3
Q

derivation (morphological processes)

A
  • adding affixes changes meaning, changes category or both
  • can be prefix o suffix
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4
Q

inflection (morphological processes)

A
  • the affix adds grammatical info
  • no change in category or meaning
  • they are only suffixes in English
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5
Q

inflectional suffixes of nouns

A
  • ’s
  • s
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6
Q

inflectional suffixes of verbs

A
  • en
  • ed
  • ing
  • s (3rd person singular)
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7
Q

inflectional suffixes of adjectives/adverbs

A
  • er
  • est
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8
Q

what does ‘s mean

A

shows possesion

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9
Q

what are -er and -est used for

A

comparison
ex. taller, tallest

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10
Q

what does -ed mean

A

past tense marker
ex. walked

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11
Q

what does -ing mean

A

showing action is in progress
ex. teaching

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12
Q

what is a past participle

A

Verb + -en

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13
Q

what does -en mean

A

shows completion of an action
ex. eaten

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14
Q

how do you know if it is a past participle?

A

it comes after has or have

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15
Q

what can -un attach to and what do they mean?

A
  • adjectives: means not ex. unfaithful
  • verbs: reversative ex. undo
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16
Q

what are the different morphological processes?

A
  • inflection
  • derivation
  • compounding
  • acronyms
  • abbreviation (initialism)
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17
Q

acronyms

A
  • type of derivation
    derived from initials of other words and read as a word
    ex. NASA, ROM
18
Q

abbreviation (initialism)

A
  • type of derivation
    formed by using first letter of each word in a phrase and read letter by letter
    ex. FBI, DVD
19
Q

epnoym

A
  • type of derivation
    common words derived from proper names such as people’s names and place names
    ex. sandwich from Earl of Sandwich
    jacuzzi from Candido Jacuzzi
20
Q

blend

A
  • type of derivation
    parts of words are combined or deleted, in a manner similar to compounding
    ex. motel from motor + hotel
21
Q

how are blending and compounding different

A

compounding is taking both full words and putting them together
ex. redhead
blending is taking part of each word and combining them
ex. brunch

22
Q

clipping

A
  • type of derivation
    shortening, making a word by omitting syllables in an existing word
    ex. flu from influenza
    math from mathematics
23
Q

backformation

A
  • type of derivation
    making a word by omitting what is assumed to be a morpheme (affix), even if it is not
  • remove an affix
    ex. editor, removed suffix, created word edit
24
Q

zero derivation

A
  • type of derivation
    process that assigns an already existing word to a new syntactic category
  • category changes without adding any affixes
  • also called conversion
    ex. N derived from V
    to drink VERB
    (a hot) drink NOUN
25
Q

free morphemes

A

Can stand alone as independent words.
Examples: book, cat, happy, run

26
Q

bound morphemes

A

Cannot stand alone and must be attached to another morpheme
ex. prefixes and suffixes

27
Q

infixes

A
  • morphemes that are inserted into a root of a word
  • Infixation is not productive in English
    E.g., abso-freaking-lutely, fan-flipping-tastic
28
Q

circumfixes

A

morphemes that surround a root morpheme by attaching at
the on both sides.

29
Q

roots

A

a lexical category morpheme (N, V, Adv, Adj…) that cannot be analyzed into smaller parts
- core meaning of the word comes from the root
- it may or it may not stand alone as a word
E.g., love in loveable can stand alone, but -ceive in
receive cannot.
- all roots are bases
- if you remove all affixes, you are left with the root

30
Q

bases

A
  • not all bases are roots
    the form to which an affix attaches
  • by adding an affix to the base, the meaning of the word may change
    ex. In unhappiness:
    Root: happy
    Base: unhappy (for adding -ness)
31
Q

internal change

A
  • type of inflection
    process that substitutes a non-morphemic segment (such as a vowel) for another to mark grammatical contrast (present vs past)
  • one change in the word
    ex. sing (present)
    sang (past)
32
Q

suppletion

A
  • type of inflection
  • also called irregular form
    replaces a morpheme with an entirely different morpheme to indicate a grammatical contrast
    ex. eat + -ed = ate
  • past tense does not follow regular rule
33
Q

reduplication

A

involves copying a free morpheme or a part of it to create new words
- can be inflectional or derivational
1. partial = part of word is repeated
2. total = a word is repeated completely

34
Q

ablaut

A
  • type of internal change
    vowel alternation that changes grammatical information (past vs present)
    ex. sink (present)
    sank (past)
35
Q

How do we determine the category of a compound?

A
  • the element on the right determines the category
  • it is called the head
    head: morpheme that determines category of the entire word
36
Q

Compounding

A
  • takes 2 existing words and combines them
  • uses free forms
  • does not involve affixation
37
Q

endocentric compounds

A
  • meaning is predictable
  • meaning related to the meaning of the head
    ex. sky-blue is a type of blue
    dog food is a type of food
38
Q

exocentric compounds

A
  • rare, not predictable
  • meaning does not follow from meaning of its part in straightforward way
    ex. redhead, not a type of head
    redneck, not a type of neck
39
Q

properties of compounds

A

adj-noun compounds have more prominent stress on 1st component (left most)
ex. greenhouse
- adj + noun (not compound) have right most element stressed
ex. green house

40
Q

morpheme

A
  • The smallest grammatical unit of
    meaning. A morpheme cannot be further analyzed
  • smallest units of meaning in a
    word
41
Q

Morphemes are organized in the following ways…

A
  1. Based on whether morphemes can stand alone or not
    (free vs. bound)
  2. Based on their position (prefixes, suffixes, infixes, and
    circumfixes)
  3. Based on their grammatical function (inflectional vs.
    derivational)
42
Q

mental lexicon

A
  • the mental storage of linguistic knowledge, encompassing all the words, morphemes, and associated meanings, pronunciations, and grammatical rules that a speaker knows
  • essentially a mental “dictionary”