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Linguistics > Syntax 1 > Flashcards

Syntax 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Syntax

A
  • system of rules that describes how individuals organize words into phrases and phrases into sentences
  • component of grammar that studies structure of phrases and sentences
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2
Q

phrases

A

syntactic units (NP,VP,PP, etc.) that are headed by its respective syntactic category (N,V,Prep, etc)

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3
Q

Lexical category (open class)

A
  • express content and allow new words to be added
    includes:
  • nouns
  • verbs
  • adjectives
  • adverbs
  • prepositions
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4
Q

Functional category (closed class)

A
  • express function or grammatical information
  • very fixed with limited # of members
    includes:
  • determiners
  • negation
  • degree words
  • auxiliary verbs
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5
Q

How to differentiate between lexical and functional catergory?

A
  • if the word has its own identifiable meaning it is lexical
  • otherwise it is functional
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6
Q

can determine syntactic category of a word by…

A
  1. affixes attached to it (morphological evidence)
  2. syntactic context in which the word appears (syntactic distribution or evidence)
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7
Q

morphological evidence for nouns

A

derivational suffixes: -ment, -tion, -ity, -ness
inflectional suffixes: -s, -‘s

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8
Q

syntactic evidence for nouns

A
  1. Nouns are preceded by a determiner
    ex. some (det) children (noun)
  2. Nouns are often subjects or objects of the sentence
    ex. My son (noun) plays the guitar
  3. Sometimes modified by adjectives
    ex. a hungry (adj) lion (noun)
  4. Can be preceded by a preposition
    ex. during (prep) class (noun)
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9
Q

morphological evidence for verbs

A

different forms: infinitive, present tense, past tense, present participle, past participle
suffixes: -ize, -ify, -ed

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10
Q

different classes of verbs

A
  1. main verbs
  2. helping or auxiliary verbs
    - regular auxiliaries
    -modal auxiliaries
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11
Q

main verbs

A
  • or just called verbs
  • express actions or states of being
  • may occur independently
    ex, go, eat, run, hope
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12
Q

helping or auxiliary verbs

A
  • support main verbs
  • cannot occur independently
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13
Q

regular auxiliaries

A

forms of have, be, or do that occur before main verbs

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14
Q

modal auxiliaries

A

can, could, will, would, should, etc. and cannot occur without a main verb

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15
Q

syntactic evidence for verbs

A
  1. often preceded by an auxiliary verb
    ex. Julie had (aux) made (verb) plans to go to Europe
  2. Come after the subject of the sentence
    ex. Usman (subject) bought (verb) a new car
  3. May come after negation
    ex. I did not sleep (verb) well this week
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16
Q

negation

A
  • produces the opposite of a statement
  • when a sentence is negated, resulting utterance is often opposite of the original meeting: I ate dinner vs I did not eat dinner
17
Q

morphological evidence for adjectives

A
  • can be inflected into comparative or superlative forms using -er and -est
  • can be derived from other lexical categories using -able, -ish, -ful, etc.
18
Q

syntactic evidence for adjectives

A
  1. modified by degree words (Deg)
    ex. a rather (deg) difficult (adj) case
  2. can appear between determiners and nouns
    ex. my (det) childhood (adj) dream (noun)
  3. can appear after verb “to be”
    ex. she is (to be) smart (adj)
19
Q

syntactic evidence for adverbs

A
  1. can be modified by degree words, sometimes called adverbs of manner
    ex. very (deg) slowly (adv)
  2. modify verbs and clauses, does not modify a noun directly (do not occur between a determiner and noun)
    ex. she quickly (adv) hopped over the fence (modifies verb)
  3. have ability to occur in a number of different positions: most occur at the beginning or end of a sentence, but many can appear around the verb
20
Q

morphological evidence for prepositions

A

there is none

21
Q

syntactic evidence for prepositions

A
  1. typically appear before nouns (or noun phrases)
    ex. under (prep) the bed (noun)
  2. some can be modified by degree words like right and straight
    ex. right (deg) under (prep) his nose

Linguistics (12 decks)

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