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Linguistics > Phonetics 1: Consonants > Flashcards

Phonetics 1: Consonants Flashcards

1
Q

phonetics

A

branch of linguistics which studies the relationship between speech and language by examining the sounds of speech and their structures
2 primary branches:
1. articulatory phonetics
2. acoustic phonetics

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2
Q

articulatory phonetics

A

studies how the body produces speech

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3
Q

acoustic phonetics

A

measures the physical properties of the resulting speech sound waves (or what we hear when speech is produced)

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4
Q

phones (speech sounds)

A

building blocks of spoken human languages

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5
Q

International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)

A
  • standardized system for representing the sounds of spoken languages
  • provides a consistent and universal set of symbols to describe the sounds of any language
  • uses phonetic symbols for individual speech sounds in whatever language being examined at any given moment
  • Square brackets [ ] identify when a sound is phonetic, and not from a language’s spelling system
  • orthographic symbols (letters, etc.), we may use < > to indicate that the symbol is used in spelling, not in phonetic transcription
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6
Q

segments

A

individual speech sounds

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7
Q

Evidence that speech can be segmented

A
  • speech errors
    ex. runny babbit for bunny rabbit show that in a word, individual segments can change position
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8
Q

3 main mechanisms to produce and modify sounds

A
  1. Air supply: our lungs
  2. Sound source: air is set into motion in the larynx which houses our vocal cords
  3. Set of 3 filters: pharynx, oral cavity, and nasal cavity (in vocal tract)
    - work together to modify the sounds produced
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9
Q

How do we maintain the level of air pressure needed for the speech system to function? (the lungs)

A
  • two key elements that assist the movement of air: the intercostals and the diaphragm
  • intercostals: muscles between the ribs that raise the rib cage to allow the lungs to expand during inhalation
  • diaphragm: a sheet of muscle below the lungs that helps control air release during exhalation so that we can speak in between breaths
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10
Q

Air movement in the larynx

A
  • vocal folds in the larynx can be pulled apart or brought together
  • position produces different glottal states as the air moves through the glottis (space between the vocal folds)
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11
Q

4 Key Glottal States found in sound production

A
  1. Voiceless
  2. Voiced
  3. Whisper
  4. Murmur
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12
Q

glottal states

A

the different ways the vocal folds (or vocal cords) within the glottis are positioned to produce various types of sounds

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13
Q

voiceless (glottal state)

A
  • voiceless sounds are produced with the vocal folds pulled apart, allowing air to pass through the glottis without interference
  • if you try touching your larynx when you make a voiceless sound, you should not feel any vibration
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14
Q

voiced (glottal state)

A
  • Voiced sounds are produced when the vocal folds are pulled close together (but not tightly), so that the air passing through causes the vocal folds to vibrate against each other
  • if you touch your larynx while producing a voiced sound, you should feel the vibration
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15
Q

whisper (glottal state)

A
  • type of voicelessness
  • different from true voiceless sounds because the front (anterior) of the vocal folds is pulled close together while the back (posterior) of the vocal folds remains open
  • small opening allows the air to pass through without creating vocal fold vibration
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16
Q

murmur (glottal state)

A
  • aka breathy voice
  • used to describe voiced sounds that have a “breathy” quality, due to the vocal folds being slightly more relaxed, allowing more air to escape through the glottis while the vocal folds are vibrating
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17
Q

Articulatory differences between consonants and vowels

A
  • Consonantal sounds can be voiced or voiceless and are produced when the airflow is restricted or blocked by narrowing or fully closing the oral tract
  • vowels are voiced, and are made with no obstruction of the vocal tract
18
Q

Acoustic differences between consonants and vowels

A

vowels sound more powerful (more sonorous or resonant) than consonants, and seem to sound longer in duration

19
Q

glides

A
  • aka semivowels
  • have characteristics of both vowels and consonants
  • In terms of articulation, glides resemble vowels
  • they transition quickly to/from another segment
  • as if they were part of that sound
  • Like consonants, glides cannot form a syllabic nucleus
20
Q

English IPA consonant chart

A

columns: organized based on consonants’ place of articulation (where in the mouth the sounds are produced)
rows: show the consonants’ manner of articulation (how the sounds are produced)
- some columns have pairs of consonants (such as [p] and [b]) which represent their voicing/voicelessness (the glottal state)
- Within the same cell, voiceless consonants appear on the left, while voiced consonants appear on the right
- Columns that contain one consonant are voiced (with the exception of the glottal stop [ʔ], which is voiceless

21
Q

places of articulation (POA)

A

the points at which the air stream is restricted or obstructed to modify (or apply filters to) the sound wave

22
Q

labial (POA)

A

[m,p,b,f,v,w]
- produced with near or complete closure of the lips
- different types: bilabials, labiodentals, labio-velar

23
Q

bilabials

A
  • sounds that use both upper and lower lips
    ex. [m] in ‘mat’ or [p] in ‘pat’
24
Q

labiodentals

A
  • sounds that use the upper teeth and lower lip
    ex. [f] in ‘fan’ and [v] in ‘van’
25
Q

labio-velar

A

[w] in words like ‘word’ is a consonant produced at two places of articulation -the lips (labio-) and the velum (-velar)

26
Q

interdental (POA)

A
  • [θ] [ð]
  • produced with the tongue between the teeth
  • [ð] in ‘that’ or ‘this’
  • [θ] in ‘think’ or ‘thing’
27
Q

alveolar (POA)

A

[t,d,s,z,l,n,r]
- produced with the tongue touching or almost touching the alveolar ridge (found right behind the front upper teeth)
- [s] in ‘sit’
- [z] in ‘zit’
- [t] in ‘tall’
- [d] in ‘doll’
- [l] in ‘lap’
- [r] in ‘rap’
- [n] in ‘nap’

28
Q

alveopalatal and palatal (POA)

A
  • [ʃ] [ʒ] [tʃ] [dʒ] [j]
  • produced with the tongue touching or almost touching the alveopalatal area or the hard palate
  • alveopalatal area is found right behind the alveolar ridge
  • alveopalatal sounds include [ʃ] in ‘fresh’ , [ʒ] in ‘treasure’ [tʃ] in ‘church’ and [dʒ] in ‘judge’
  • hard palate is highest point of the roof of the moth
  • palatal sounds include [j] in ‘yes’
29
Q

velar (POA)

A
  • [k] [g] [ŋ]
  • produced with the tongue touching the velum (soft palate) which is found behind the hard palate
  • include [k] in ‘curl’, [g] in ‘girl’ and [ŋ] in ‘sing’
30
Q

glottal (POA)

A
  • [h] [ʔ]
  • produced with vocal cords as the primary articulators
  • include [h] in ‘hat’
  • [ʔ] in ‘uh-oh’ (glottal stop)
31
Q

Manner of articulation

A

describes how airflow is modified as it passes through the vocal tract during speech

32
Q

oral sounds

A
  • raised velum (the soft palate) restricts airflow from entering the nasal cavity
  • air passes through the oral cavity (the mouth) and the velic closure prevents the air from escaping through the nose
  • Most consonants in English are oral ([p], [t], [k], [s], and so on)
33
Q

nasal sounds

A
  • lowered velum allows airflow through the nasal cavity
  • opposite of oral sounds in that the soft palate creates a velic opening, allowing the air to pass through the nose
  • English has three nasal consonants - nasal stops [m], [n], [ŋ]
34
Q

stop consonants

A
  • aka oral stops or plosives
  • produced when there is momentary, complete closure in the vocal tract that creates a buildup of air pressure
  • Once the closure is released, the air escapes in a burst (often creating a pop)
  • stops in English are divided into two groups: oral stops and nasal stops
  • next to fricatives, are the largest group of consonants in English
35
Q

glottal stop [ʔ]

A

produced by a complete closure of the vocal folds such that the vocal folds cannot vibrate or let the air pass through the glottis

36
Q

fricatives

A
  • consonantal sounds made with continuous airflow
  • airflow passes through a narrow opening in the vocal tract, creating sounds with continuous frication noise
37
Q

affricates

A
  • made by briefly creating a complete closure in the oral cavity and blocking the airstream before releasing the pressure to produce frication
  • producing a stop followed immediately by a fricative
  • considered a single sound
38
Q

approximants (aka liquids)

A
  • oral sonorous consonantal sounds <l> and <r> together</r></l>
  • produced with some obstruction of the airflow, although the blockage created by articulators is not narrow enough to create frication
39
Q

laterals

A
  • Variations of [l]
  • most speakers produce [l] by touching the alveolar ridge with the tip of the tongue while the air flows on the sides of the tongue (i.e., the airflow is lateral)
40
Q

retroflex r

A
  • English <r> (as in red or bar)</r>
  • made with the tongue either bunched up around the hard palate, or by curling the tongue tip towards the alveolar ridge

Linguistics (12 decks)

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