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HANA Part 4 – PM4B > (SYNOPTIC) Poisoning & Antidotes > Flashcards

(SYNOPTIC) Poisoning & Antidotes Flashcards

1
Q

Define poisoning.

A

Exposure to drug/ chemical/ pollutant in sufficient quantity to produce an adverse effect

Can be acute OR chronic

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2
Q

What is the most common type of poisoning?

A

Accidental

47%

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3
Q

What are some of the least common types of poisoning?

A

Drugs of misuse - 2.6%

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4
Q

What are the types of poisoning?

A

(1) Accidental
(2) Therapeutic error
(3) Deliberate
(4) Drugs of misuse

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5
Q

What are some types of accidental poisoning?

A
  • Duplication of therapy
  • Household chemicals (children)
  • Prescribing/ dispensing errors
  • Counterfeit drugs
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6
Q

What is the main motive for deliberate poisoning?

A

To cause others harm

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7
Q

What is a medicine that is commonly overtaken deliberately, leading to poisoning?

A

Thyroxine for weightloss

Or paracetamol

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8
Q

What is environmental poisoning?

A

Air/ water/ soil pollution

e.g. carbon monoxide

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9
Q

What is the lowest amount of nicotine that can be fatal in an adult?

A

40mg

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10
Q

What is occupational poisoning?

A

Overexposure to chemicals in the place of work

e.g. x-rays/ pesticides

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11
Q

What is the EU Tobacco Product Directive (2014)?

A
  • No advertising on TV/ radio/ newspapers
  • Only advertising at point of sale
  • Max. 20mg of nicotine
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12
Q

What is the most common drug taken in overdose?

A

Paracetamol

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13
Q

What are the top 5 most common drugs taken in overdose?

A

(1) Paracetamol
(2) Ibuprofen
(3) Codeine
(4) Sertraline
(5) Diazepam

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14
Q

What are some of the most common household poisons?

A

(1) Fabric tablets
(2) Reed diffusers
(3) Bleach
(4) Air fresheners
(5) Dishwasher tablets

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15
Q

What is the pharmacist’s role in prevention of self-poisoning?

A
  • Limit stock piling of medicines
  • Review home medicine’s cupboard
  • Safe storage of medicines and caustic substances
  • Dispose of expired/ unused medicines
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16
Q

What is the pharmacist’s role in treatment of poisoning?

A
  • Recognition of poisoning
  • Establish drug history
  • ID the agents involved
  • Give advice on antidote use
  • Ensure availability of appropriate antidotes
  • Provide patient information
17
Q

What is the general treatment of poisoning?

A
  • Symptomatic and supportive care

- Check for infection/ trauma/ metabolic derangements

18
Q

What is toxidrome?

A

Toxidrome is a term used to describe a collection of symptoms and signs that are consistent with a particular class or group of toxins

19
Q

What is gut decontamination?

A

(1) Activated charcoal
- Absorbs ingested substances
- Must be fully conscious + have a protected airway

(2) Whole bowel irrigation
Whole bowel irrigation (WBI) is a medical procedure that involves flushing the entire gastrointestinal tract with a large volume of a special solution. This is done to rapidly remove ingested toxins or foreign bodies from the gastrointestinal tract.

  • e.g. polyethylene glycol
20
Q

What are some therapeutic methods of enhanced elimination, with regard to patients with renal failure?

A

(1) Urinary alkalisation
- e.g. NaHCO3
- Increases elimination of weak acids

(2) Haemodialysis/ Haemoperfusion
- Limited subset of drugs/ chemicals

21
Q

How do antidotes function?

A
  • Inert complex with poison
  • Accelerated detoxification of poison
  • Reduced rate of conversion to more toxic compound
  • Compete with poison at essential target sites
  • Bypass effect of poison
22
Q

What is N-acetylcysteine?

A

Antidote

Accelerates detoxification of paracetamol

23
Q

What website would you use to find guidance on poisoning regarding a drug?

A

Toxbase

24
Q

What is DigiFab?

A

Antidote for digoxin

25
Q

How does DigiFab work?

A

Forms an inert complex with digoxin

26
Q

What is naloxone used for?

A

Reversal of respiratory depression in opioid overdose

Specifically, heroine/ oxycodone

27
Q

What is phytomenadione used for?

A

Competes with warfarin at essential receptor sites

Warfarin antidote

28
Q

what is an example of poisoning whole bowel irrigaiton cna treat

A

Whole bowel irrigation (WBI) can be used as a treatment for iron overdose, which can occur when a person ingests a large amount of iron supplements or iron-containing substances.

29
Q

what pisoning can gut decontamination treat. Give example

A

opioid overdose

HANA Part 4 – PM4B (28 decks)

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