Sync Session 1 Flashcards
____ is a brain malformation that occurs before, during or right after birth (does not always result in a cognitive deficit)
cerebral palsy
Classification of cerebral palsy by area affected:
quadriplegia
4 extremities affected
Classification of cerebral palsy by area affected:
triplegia
3 extremities affected
Classification of cerebral palsy by area affected:
diplegia
usually both lower extremities
Classification of cerebral palsy by area affected:
monoplegia
1 extremity
Classification of cerebral palsy by area affected:
hemiplegia
extremities on one side
Classification of cerebral palsy by motor characteristics:
-excessive neuromuscular activity resulting in “stiff” or “tight” muscles, contracture formation, impaired mobility
spastic
damage to axons adjacent to lateral ventricles is characteristic of what form of cerebral palsy?
spastic
Classification of cerebral palsy by motor characteristics:
-fluctuating tone, movement typically choreiform/athetoid
dyskinetic
damage to the basal ganglia is characteristic of what form of cerebral palsy?
dyskinetic
Classification of cerebral palsy by motor characteristics:
-incoordination/shaking during movement
ataxic
damage to the cerebellum results in which form of cerebral palsy?
ataxic
Classification of cerebral palsy by motor characteristics:
-floppy - little/no ability to move
hypotonic
the site of damage is unknown for what form of cerebral palsy?
hypotonic
Classification of cerebral palsy by motor characteristics:
-more than one type of movement abnormality is present
mixed
multiple sites of damage is characteristic of what form of cerebral palsy?
mixed
what developmental disorder results in degeneration of motor neurons that innervate skeletal muscle?
spinal muscular atrophy
If the fetus is exposed to cocaine/alcohol malformation of what structures may result?
cerebellum, cerebral nuclei, corpus callosum, neuroglia, neural tube
causes cognitive, motor and behavioral problems
What cells that form myelin involve multiple axons?
oligodendrocytes
What cells myelinate in the CNS?
oligodendrocytes
What cells myelinate in the PNS?
schwann cells
steady-state with no net flow of ions across the membrane
resting membrane potential
depolarization that only spreads locally along a short distance
local potential
may be either receptor potentials or synaptic potentials
strengthening of the potentials by combining the effects of small, rapid local potentials is called
temporal summation
strengthening of the potential by adding multiple different potentials from different areas to reach threshold
spatial summation
large depolarizing signal actively propagated along an axon
action potential
ALL OR NONE EVENT
allow diffusion of small # of ions at a slow continuous rate
leak channels
open in response to mechanical forces like stretch, touch, pressure, or temp changes, or chemicals
modality-gated channels
open in response to a neurotransmitter binding to a receptor on the postsynaptic membrane
ligand-gated channels
open in response to changes in electrical potential across the cell membrane
voltage-gated channels
degeneration of nerve fibers that occurs following injury or disease and that progresses from the place of injury along the axon away from the cell body while the part between the place of injury and the cell body remains intact
Wallerian degeneration
if there is an injury to the neuron, the axon retracts towards the cell body and the axon beyond the injury degenerates. What is this process called?
Wallerian degeneration
Axons grow at a speed of ____
1-10 mm/day
Interrupted action potential conduction, producing temporary paresis/paralysis, & sensory abnormalities
neurapraxia
response to injury in PNS
wallerian degeneration of the axons in the distal nerve section occurs; nerve conduction distal to the injury is abolished, eliminating sensory/motor function
axonotmesis
response to injury in PNS
wallerian degeneration distally, with loss of continuity of basement membrane; sprouting axons no longer channeled to their targets causing some mismatching
neurotmesis
response to injury in PNS
What happens with demyelination in the PNS?
Guillain Barre syndrome
Guillain Barre strips axons in PNS barre
an inflammatory autoimmune disorder of peripheral nerves leading to rapidly developing motor deficits (symmetrical ascending paralysis), autonomic dysfunction, sensory deficits, and respiratory failure
Guillain Barre syndrome
often occurs 2-3 weeks following a mild infection
The following symptoms are indicative of:
- flaccid paralysis
- areflexia or diminished reflexes
- numbness and tingling ascending
- moves distal to proximal
Guillain Barre syndrome
plasmapheresis and intravenous immunoglobulin therapy are treatments for ______
Guillain Barre syndrome
What happens with demyelination in the CNS?
Multiple Sclerosis
immune-related response in which antibodies induce demyelination by antibody-dependent, cell-mediated cytotoxicity
multiple sclerosis
What type of multiple sclerosis is a single episode of neurologic symptoms that lasts at least 24 hours?
clinically isolated syndrome
single neurologic sign or symptom caused by a single lesion
Ex. attack of optic neuritis
monofocal episode of clinically isolated syndrome (MS)
more than one sign or symptom caused by lesions in more than one place
Ex. optic neuritis accompanied by numbness or tingling in the legs
multifocal episode of clinically isolated syndrome (MS)
Clinically Isolated syndrome usually has _____ fever or infection and is followed by a complete or partial recovery
no associated
The most common disease course of Multiple sclerosis is
relapsing remitting
In relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis there are clearly defined attacks of ___ or ___ neurologic symptoms
new or increasing
The type of MS with the worst prognosis is
primary progressive MS
_____ is characterized by worsening neurologic function from the onset of symptoms, without early relapses or remissions
primary progressive MS
____ follows an initial relapsing-remitting course but eventually transitions to a progressive worsening of neurologic function over time
secondary progressive MS
The prognosis of MS is ____ if few attacks, good recovery from attacks, relapsing-remitting, early medical management and adherence
GOOD
The prognosis of MS is ____ if multiple attacks, poor recovery from attacks, primary progressive, pyramidal brainstem, or cerebellar signs
POOR
What happens with autoimmune destruction of post-synaptic receptors?
Myasthenia Gravis
Chronic autoimmune neuromuscular disease that produces antibodies agains ACh receptors
myasthenia gravis
____ is characterized by varying degrees of weakness, which increases with activity and improves with rest
myasthenia gravis
in myasthenia gravis the ______ are affected first
repetitive muscles
muscles with high frequency of contraction (eyelids, facial expression, respiration)
A key sign for ____ is a motor dysfunction without sensation, cognitive, or autonomic symptoms
myasthenia gravis
_____ occurs when the muscles that control breathing weaken, requiring artificial ventilation
myasthenic crisis
for those already weakened, may be triggered by infection, fever or another adverse reaction
These are treatment options for ____:
- thymectomy
- Anticholinesterase agents
- immunosuppressive
- plasmapheresis
- high dose IVIg
Myasthenia gravis
