Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Clinical Neuroscience > Sync Session 1 > Flashcards

Sync Session 1 Flashcards

1
Q

____ is a brain malformation that occurs before, during or right after birth (does not always result in a cognitive deficit)

A

cerebral palsy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Classification of cerebral palsy by area affected:

quadriplegia

A

4 extremities affected

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Classification of cerebral palsy by area affected:

triplegia

A

3 extremities affected

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Classification of cerebral palsy by area affected:

diplegia

A

usually both lower extremities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Classification of cerebral palsy by area affected:

monoplegia

A

1 extremity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Classification of cerebral palsy by area affected:

hemiplegia

A

extremities on one side

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Classification of cerebral palsy by motor characteristics:

-excessive neuromuscular activity resulting in “stiff” or “tight” muscles, contracture formation, impaired mobility

A

spastic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

damage to axons adjacent to lateral ventricles is characteristic of what form of cerebral palsy?

A

spastic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Classification of cerebral palsy by motor characteristics:

-fluctuating tone, movement typically choreiform/athetoid

A

dyskinetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

damage to the basal ganglia is characteristic of what form of cerebral palsy?

A

dyskinetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Classification of cerebral palsy by motor characteristics:

-incoordination/shaking during movement

A

ataxic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

damage to the cerebellum results in which form of cerebral palsy?

A

ataxic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Classification of cerebral palsy by motor characteristics:

-floppy - little/no ability to move

A

hypotonic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

the site of damage is unknown for what form of cerebral palsy?

A

hypotonic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Classification of cerebral palsy by motor characteristics:

-more than one type of movement abnormality is present

A

mixed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

multiple sites of damage is characteristic of what form of cerebral palsy?

A

mixed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what developmental disorder results in degeneration of motor neurons that innervate skeletal muscle?

A

spinal muscular atrophy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

If the fetus is exposed to cocaine/alcohol malformation of what structures may result?

A

cerebellum, cerebral nuclei, corpus callosum, neuroglia, neural tube

causes cognitive, motor and behavioral problems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What cells that form myelin involve multiple axons?

A

oligodendrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What cells myelinate in the CNS?

A

oligodendrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What cells myelinate in the PNS?

A

schwann cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

steady-state with no net flow of ions across the membrane

A

resting membrane potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

depolarization that only spreads locally along a short distance

A

local potential

may be either receptor potentials or synaptic potentials

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

strengthening of the potentials by combining the effects of small, rapid local potentials is called

A

temporal summation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

strengthening of the potential by adding multiple different potentials from different areas to reach threshold

A

spatial summation

26
Q

large depolarizing signal actively propagated along an axon

A

action potential

ALL OR NONE EVENT

27
Q

allow diffusion of small # of ions at a slow continuous rate

A

leak channels

28
Q

open in response to mechanical forces like stretch, touch, pressure, or temp changes, or chemicals

A

modality-gated channels

29
Q

open in response to a neurotransmitter binding to a receptor on the postsynaptic membrane

A

ligand-gated channels

30
Q

open in response to changes in electrical potential across the cell membrane

A

voltage-gated channels

31
Q

degeneration of nerve fibers that occurs following injury or disease and that progresses from the place of injury along the axon away from the cell body while the part between the place of injury and the cell body remains intact

A

Wallerian degeneration

32
Q

if there is an injury to the neuron, the axon retracts towards the cell body and the axon beyond the injury degenerates. What is this process called?

A

Wallerian degeneration

33
Q

Axons grow at a speed of ____

A

1-10 mm/day

34
Q

Interrupted action potential conduction, producing temporary paresis/paralysis, & sensory abnormalities

A

neurapraxia

response to injury in PNS

35
Q

wallerian degeneration of the axons in the distal nerve section occurs; nerve conduction distal to the injury is abolished, eliminating sensory/motor function

A

axonotmesis

response to injury in PNS

36
Q

wallerian degeneration distally, with loss of continuity of basement membrane; sprouting axons no longer channeled to their targets causing some mismatching

A

neurotmesis

response to injury in PNS

37
Q

What happens with demyelination in the PNS?

A

Guillain Barre syndrome

Guillain Barre strips axons in PNS barre

38
Q

an inflammatory autoimmune disorder of peripheral nerves leading to rapidly developing motor deficits (symmetrical ascending paralysis), autonomic dysfunction, sensory deficits, and respiratory failure

A

Guillain Barre syndrome

often occurs 2-3 weeks following a mild infection

39
Q

The following symptoms are indicative of:

  • flaccid paralysis
  • areflexia or diminished reflexes
  • numbness and tingling ascending
  • moves distal to proximal
A

Guillain Barre syndrome

40
Q

plasmapheresis and intravenous immunoglobulin therapy are treatments for ______

A

Guillain Barre syndrome

41
Q

What happens with demyelination in the CNS?

A

Multiple Sclerosis

42
Q

immune-related response in which antibodies induce demyelination by antibody-dependent, cell-mediated cytotoxicity

A

multiple sclerosis

43
Q

What type of multiple sclerosis is a single episode of neurologic symptoms that lasts at least 24 hours?

A

clinically isolated syndrome

44
Q

single neurologic sign or symptom caused by a single lesion

Ex. attack of optic neuritis

A

monofocal episode of clinically isolated syndrome (MS)

45
Q

more than one sign or symptom caused by lesions in more than one place

Ex. optic neuritis accompanied by numbness or tingling in the legs

A

multifocal episode of clinically isolated syndrome (MS)

46
Q

Clinically Isolated syndrome usually has _____ fever or infection and is followed by a complete or partial recovery

A

no associated

47
Q

The most common disease course of Multiple sclerosis is

A

relapsing remitting

48
Q

In relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis there are clearly defined attacks of ___ or ___ neurologic symptoms

A

new or increasing

49
Q

The type of MS with the worst prognosis is

A

primary progressive MS

50
Q

_____ is characterized by worsening neurologic function from the onset of symptoms, without early relapses or remissions

A

primary progressive MS

51
Q

____ follows an initial relapsing-remitting course but eventually transitions to a progressive worsening of neurologic function over time

A

secondary progressive MS

52
Q

The prognosis of MS is ____ if few attacks, good recovery from attacks, relapsing-remitting, early medical management and adherence

A

GOOD

53
Q

The prognosis of MS is ____ if multiple attacks, poor recovery from attacks, primary progressive, pyramidal brainstem, or cerebellar signs

A

POOR

54
Q

What happens with autoimmune destruction of post-synaptic receptors?

A

Myasthenia Gravis

55
Q

Chronic autoimmune neuromuscular disease that produces antibodies agains ACh receptors

A

myasthenia gravis

56
Q

____ is characterized by varying degrees of weakness, which increases with activity and improves with rest

A

myasthenia gravis

57
Q

in myasthenia gravis the ______ are affected first

A

repetitive muscles

muscles with high frequency of contraction (eyelids, facial expression, respiration)

58
Q

A key sign for ____ is a motor dysfunction without sensation, cognitive, or autonomic symptoms

A

myasthenia gravis

59
Q

_____ occurs when the muscles that control breathing weaken, requiring artificial ventilation

A

myasthenic crisis

for those already weakened, may be triggered by infection, fever or another adverse reaction

60
Q

These are treatment options for ____:

  • thymectomy
  • Anticholinesterase agents
  • immunosuppressive
  • plasmapheresis
  • high dose IVIg
A

Myasthenia gravis

Clinical Neuroscience (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions