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Clinical Neuroscience > Neurotransmitters > Flashcards

Neurotransmitters Flashcards

1
Q

How fast are fast-acting neurotransmitters?

A

transmission requires less than 1/1000 of a second

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2
Q

How do fast-acting neurotransmitters work?

A

they act directly

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3
Q

How do slow-acting neurotransmitters work?

A

they act indirectly

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4
Q

How long does it take slow-acting neurotransmitters to work?

A

transmission requires less than 1/10 of a second to minutes

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5
Q

Neurotransmitters act within _______

A

the synaptic cleft

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6
Q

Neuromodulators act within _________

A

extracellular space

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7
Q

Neurotransmitters cause _____ effects

A

local

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8
Q

Neuromodulators cause _______ effects

A

broad

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9
Q

_______ alter neural function by acting at a distance away from the synaptic cleft

A

neuromodulators

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10
Q

Neurotransmitters or Neuromodulators? Which one has effects that act more slowly but usually last longer?

A

Neuromodulators

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11
Q

Acetylcholine (ACh) is the major transmitter of the ____

A

PNS

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12
Q

All _______ neurons use ACh

A

motor

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13
Q

ACh at skeletal muscle causes…

A

contraction

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14
Q

ACh at ANS causes…

A

slowed HR
pupil constriction
increased GI secretion/contraction

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15
Q

ACh at the brain causes…

A

arousal, pleasure, reward, cognitive function

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16
Q

Glutamate at the brain causes…

A

excitatory effect involved in memory and learning

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17
Q

Glycine at the spinal cord causes…

A

inhibition (involved processing motor and sensory information within the spinal cord)

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18
Q

GABA at the CNS causes…

A 
inhibition
sedation
antianxiety
antiseizure
sleep inducing
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19
Q

What three neurotransmitters discussed are amino acids?

A

glutamate, glycine, GABA

The 3 Ggggsss

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20
Q

T/F Dopamine may act as both a neurotransmitter or a neuromodulator depending on where it is released

A

T

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21
Q

Dopamine at the emotional system causes…

A

feeling of wanting a reward

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22
Q

Dopamine at basal ganglia causes…

A

control of movement
attention
decision making
goal-directed behavior

23
Q

Dopamine at frontal lobe causes…

A

thinking, planning

24
Q

Norepinephrine at the adrenal gland and sympathetic NS causes…

A

increases HR and force
dilation of bronchioles
inhibition of peristalsis

25
Q

Norepinephrine at the emotional system and some cerebral cortex causes…

A

control of mood

increased attention to sensory

26
Q

Seratonin at CNS causes…

A

regulates sleep, appetite, arousal, mood

27
Q

Histamine at brain cuases…

A

regulates wakefulness and attention

28
Q

Endogenous opioid peptides include: ____,____,____

A

endorphins, enkephalins, dynorphins

29
Q

What is the function of endogenous opioid peptides?

A

bind to opioid receptors and inhibit nociceptive signals

30
Q

T/F Substance P is uncommon

A

F - common

31
Q

What is the function of substance P?

A

signals tissue damage

32
Q

Which neuromodulator is associated in the pathophysiology of pain syndromes that involve perception of normally innocuous stimuli as painful?

A

substance P

33
Q

Which neuromodulator causes long term neural changes in migraine HA’s?

A

Calcitonin gene-related peptide

34
Q

Amine neuromodulators: ____,____,____,____

A

dopamine
norepinephrine
serotonin
histamine

35
Q

Peptide neuromodulators: ____,____,____

A

opioids, substance P, calcitonin gene-related peptide

36
Q

____ is an excitatory neurotransmitter that acts on skeletal muscle. ____ is excitatory, but acts on CNS. ____ is inhibitory, acting primarily on the spinal cord. ____ can affect motor function, but this is through CNS action.

A

ACh
Glutamate
glycine
dopamine

37
Q

The action of neurotransmitters depends on ____

A

their receptors

38
Q

The substantia nigra of the midbrain produces the monamine ____

A

dopamine

39
Q

____ and ____ are the main neurotransmitters in the PNS

A

Acetylcholine and Norepinephrine

40
Q

The ____ includes the cranial nerves, spinal nerves, and the autonomic nervous system

A

PNS

41
Q

____ is an automimmune disease where antibodies block skeletal muscle ACh receptors, resulting in muscle weakness.

A

Myasthenia Gravis

42
Q

A deficiency of ACh may result in what disease?

A

Alzheimers

43
Q

____ in excess may cause feelings of increased energy, less need for sleep, and an accelerated sense of time

A

Dopamine

44
Q

excessive levels of _____ may cause seizures or cytotoxicity (process that results in cell death)

A

glutamate

45
Q

What is the principle inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS?

A

GABA

46
Q

may lead to anxiety and seizures

A

low levels of GABA

47
Q

low levels of ____ within the emotional system may cause feelings of depression

A

dopamine

48
Q

low levels of _____ are associated with Parkinsons and ADHD

A

dopamine

49
Q

Excessive levels of ____ in the frontal lobe lead to things like schizophrenia

A

dopamine

50
Q

____ in excessive may cause feelings of fear and panic

A

norepinephrine

51
Q

low levels of ____ are associated with depression and suicidal behavior

A

serotonin

52
Q

excessive levels of ____ is associated with schizophrenia and OCD

A

serotonin

53
Q

low levels of ____ may cause drowsiness

A

histamine

Clinical Neuroscience (2 decks)

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