Neurotransmitters Flashcards
How fast are fast-acting neurotransmitters?
transmission requires less than 1/1000 of a second
How do fast-acting neurotransmitters work?
they act directly
How do slow-acting neurotransmitters work?
they act indirectly
How long does it take slow-acting neurotransmitters to work?
transmission requires less than 1/10 of a second to minutes
Neurotransmitters act within _______
the synaptic cleft
Neuromodulators act within _________
extracellular space
Neurotransmitters cause _____ effects
local
Neuromodulators cause _______ effects
broad
_______ alter neural function by acting at a distance away from the synaptic cleft
neuromodulators
Neurotransmitters or Neuromodulators? Which one has effects that act more slowly but usually last longer?
Neuromodulators
Acetylcholine (ACh) is the major transmitter of the ____
PNS
All _______ neurons use ACh
motor
ACh at skeletal muscle causes…
contraction
ACh at ANS causes…
slowed HR
pupil constriction
increased GI secretion/contraction
ACh at the brain causes…
arousal, pleasure, reward, cognitive function
Glutamate at the brain causes…
excitatory effect involved in memory and learning
Glycine at the spinal cord causes…
inhibition (involved processing motor and sensory information within the spinal cord)
GABA at the CNS causes…
inhibition sedation antianxiety antiseizure sleep inducing
What three neurotransmitters discussed are amino acids?
glutamate, glycine, GABA
The 3 Ggggsss
T/F Dopamine may act as both a neurotransmitter or a neuromodulator depending on where it is released
T
Dopamine at the emotional system causes…
feeling of wanting a reward
Dopamine at basal ganglia causes…
control of movement
attention
decision making
goal-directed behavior
Dopamine at frontal lobe causes…
thinking, planning
Norepinephrine at the adrenal gland and sympathetic NS causes…
increases HR and force
dilation of bronchioles
inhibition of peristalsis
Norepinephrine at the emotional system and some cerebral cortex causes…
control of mood
increased attention to sensory
Seratonin at CNS causes…
regulates sleep, appetite, arousal, mood
Histamine at brain cuases…
regulates wakefulness and attention
Endogenous opioid peptides include: ____,____,____
endorphins, enkephalins, dynorphins
What is the function of endogenous opioid peptides?
bind to opioid receptors and inhibit nociceptive signals
T/F Substance P is uncommon
F - common
What is the function of substance P?
signals tissue damage
Which neuromodulator is associated in the pathophysiology of pain syndromes that involve perception of normally innocuous stimuli as painful?
substance P
Which neuromodulator causes long term neural changes in migraine HA’s?
Calcitonin gene-related peptide
Amine neuromodulators: ____,____,____,____
dopamine
norepinephrine
serotonin
histamine
Peptide neuromodulators: ____,____,____
opioids, substance P, calcitonin gene-related peptide
____ is an excitatory neurotransmitter that acts on skeletal muscle. ____ is excitatory, but acts on CNS. ____ is inhibitory, acting primarily on the spinal cord. ____ can affect motor function, but this is through CNS action.
ACh
Glutamate
glycine
dopamine
The action of neurotransmitters depends on ____
their receptors
The substantia nigra of the midbrain produces the monamine ____
dopamine
____ and ____ are the main neurotransmitters in the PNS
Acetylcholine and Norepinephrine
The ____ includes the cranial nerves, spinal nerves, and the autonomic nervous system
PNS
____ is an automimmune disease where antibodies block skeletal muscle ACh receptors, resulting in muscle weakness.
Myasthenia Gravis
A deficiency of ACh may result in what disease?
Alzheimers
____ in excess may cause feelings of increased energy, less need for sleep, and an accelerated sense of time
Dopamine
excessive levels of _____ may cause seizures or cytotoxicity (process that results in cell death)
glutamate
What is the principle inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS?
GABA
may lead to anxiety and seizures
low levels of GABA
low levels of ____ within the emotional system may cause feelings of depression
dopamine
low levels of _____ are associated with Parkinsons and ADHD
dopamine
Excessive levels of ____ in the frontal lobe lead to things like schizophrenia
dopamine
____ in excessive may cause feelings of fear and panic
norepinephrine
low levels of ____ are associated with depression and suicidal behavior
serotonin
excessive levels of ____ is associated with schizophrenia and OCD
serotonin
low levels of ____ may cause drowsiness
histamine
