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Physiology Exam #1 > Synaptic Transmission > Flashcards

Synaptic Transmission Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two general ways in which cells communicate?

A

Electrical and Chemical Synapse

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2
Q

What is an electrical synapse?

A

Gap junctions that transfer ions from the cytoplasm of one cell to another

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3
Q

What is a chemical synapse?

A

The release of a chemical that diffuses to, and acts upon, another cell

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4
Q

Most significant electrical synapses in the human body?

A

Heart, Liver, Lens, and Myelin Sheath

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5
Q

Cell membranes are normally separated by _____. Gap junctions have cells separated by ____ __.

A

20nm

3.5 nm

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6
Q

Another name for a gap junction?

A

Connexon

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7
Q

What is a gap junction made of?

A

6 Connexins

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8
Q

The presynaptic cell must be lined up with

A

the postsynaptic connexon

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9
Q

What determines what can pass through a gap junction?

A

Pore Size

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10
Q

What conditions may cause gap-channels to close?

A

Lowered cytoplasmic pH or elevated Ca2+

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11
Q

For two non-coupled adjacent cells, depolarization will cause what in the other?

A

nothing

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12
Q

For two coupled adjacent cells, depolarization will cause what in the other?

A

Depolarization

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13
Q

Why might the hypothalamus require gap junctions? Cardiac muscle?

A

To ensure coordinated release/contraction amongst many cells

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14
Q

Relationship btw CMT and gap junctions?

A

Cells wrap around, connect layers with gap junctions to allow the deepest layers to get sustenance.

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15
Q

What is the major mechanism for the release of neurotransmitters?

A

Vesicular Secretion

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16
Q

Depolarization of the terminal membrane of axons causes what?

A

Opening of voltage gated Ca channels

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17
Q

Two proteins involved in priming synaptic vesicles for fusion.

A

NSF and SNAPs

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18
Q

What do NSF and SNAPs regulate?

A

Assembly of the SNARE complex

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19
Q

Name three SNARE proteins.

A

Synaptobrevin, syntaxin, and SNAP-25

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20
Q

SNARE protein responsible for Ca regulation?

A

Synaptotagmin

21
Q

What does synaptotagmin do?

A

When Ca conc. is elevated, inserts into cell membrane, leading to fusion of membranes and release of contents

22
Q

What are end plates?

A

Specialized sites where the presynaptic axon terminates on a muscle fiber

23
Q

What is an end plate potential?

A

An AP in the presyn… neuron elicits a transient depolarization of the muscle fiber.

24
Q

Very low Ca concentration will do what to EPPs?

A

Make them much smaller, but same shape

25
Q

What are the much smaller waves (but same shape/pharm response) called?

A

Miniature End Plate Potentials

26
Q

Increasing external Ca will do what to amplitude?

A

Nothing.

27
Q

What does increasing external Ca do for muscle cells?

A

Decrease the number of failures, higher release probability

28
Q

What is a quantum?

A

The amount of NT in a vesicle

29
Q

How many molecules of AcCho are required to set off a MEPP

A

7000

30
Q

Enzyme that inactivates acetylcholine? Products of this reaction??

A

Acetylcholinesterase

Choline and Acetyl CoA

31
Q

Enzyme that reassembles acetylcholine?

A

acetyltransferase

32
Q

After initial release, what two parts are recycled?

A

Cell membrane and choline

33
Q

What is spatial integration?

A

Integration of multiple signals from different locations on a dendrite arriving at once

34
Q

A larger lambda means….

A

less decay over length, greater chance for synaptic potentials to summate

35
Q

What is temporal integration?

A

Integration of multiple inputs from the same axon occurring at different times.

36
Q

A larger tau means…

A

less decay over time, greater chance of summation.

37
Q

Define EPSP

A

Excitatory Post Synaptic Potential

Excitatory NT increase Na permeability

38
Q

Review 4-11

A

That seemed important

39
Q

Why are EPSPs tricky to navigate?

A

Because an EPSP changes the permeability of both Na and K, depending on the membrane voltage.

40
Q

What equation can be used to determine which way EPSP values will go?

A

Em - Eion = X

Move toward Eion of the larger X

41
Q

What are IPSPs? What do they do?

A

Inhibitory Post Synaptic Potential
Increase Cl- permeability at the postsynaptic membrane
Causes hyperpolatization, fewer APs

42
Q

Aside from Cl-, what can cause hyperpolarization to occur?

A

Increased K permeability at the postsynaptic

43
Q

How does level of depolarization influence IPSPs?

A

More depolarized cell will require a greater IPSP

44
Q

Can IPSPs and EPSPs interact?

A

Yes

45
Q

How does the brain code information?

A

Place codes
Intensity Coding
Recruitment
Input Organization

46
Q

How does recruitment promote mapping?

A

Axons have a limited range. Increased axons will increase the dynamic range.

47
Q

How does the CNS accomplis input organization?

A

Center surround fields maximize contrast

48
Q

How do you treat myasthenia gravis?

A

Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitor

Physiology Exam #1 (7 decks)

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