synaptic transmission

Question 1

how is information transmitted through chemical messengers

Answer 1

neurotransmitters

Question 2

what is the main excitatory neurotransmitter

Answer 2

glutamate

Question 3

where is glutamate releases

Answer 3

sensory neurons in the cerebral cortex

Question 4

how much glutamate is required to excite neighboring cells

Answer 4

a small amount

Question 5

all glutamate released from the cell is picked up by what

Answer 5

glutamate transporter molecules

Question 6

what is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter

Answer 6

GABA

Question 7

what is another name for GABA

Answer 7

gamma aminobutyric acid

Question 8

where is GABA released

Answer 8

neurons of the spinal cord, cerebellum, basal ganglia

Question 9

what does GABA do

Answer 9

reduce activity in the CNS, produce a calming effect

Question 10

abnormally low levels of GABA can lead to what

Answer 10

anxiety

Question 11

is dopamine excitatory or inhibitory

Answer 11

both

Question 12

where is dopamine released

Answer 12

substantia nigra

Question 13

what does dopamine play a role in

Answer 13

brains reward system

Question 14

what does dopamine inhibit the release of

Answer 14

prolactin

Question 15

dopamine brings up feelings of

Answer 15

pleasure and wakefulness

Question 16

what does dopamine coordinate in the brain

Answer 16

voluntary movement

Question 17

epinephrine is responsible for the bodies what

Answer 17

fight or flight response

Question 18

where is epinephrine released

Answer 18

chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla

Question 19

is epinephrine excitatory or inhibitory

Answer 19

excitatory

Question 20

is serotonin inhibitory or excitatory

Answer 20

inhibitory

Question 21

where is serotonin released

Answer 21

neurons of the brainstem and the GI tract

Question 22

what does serotonin do

Answer 22

GI tract - release feelings of satisfaction after eating
brain - influences mood, promotes feeling of wellbeing and happiness
regulates body temp, sleep cycle, pain perception

Question 23

is acetylcholine excitatory or inhibitory

Answer 23

excitatory

Question 24

where is acetylcholine released

Answer 24

motor neurons, basal ganglia, pre-ganglionic neurons of ANS, postganglionic neurons of the PNS, postganglionic neurons of sympathetic nervous system (innervates sweat glands)

Question 25

what does acetylcholine directly affect

Answer 25

muscles

Question 26

what does acetylcholine cause

Answer 26

muscle to contract by working at the NMJ

Question 27

what does acetylcholine play a role in

Answer 27

memory and cognition

Question 28

Alzheimer’s disease is caused by a lack of what neurotransmitter

Answer 28

acetylcholine

Question 29

what characterizes alzheimers

Answer 29

learning and memory impairments

Question 30

depression is caused by a lack of what neurotransmitter

Answer 30

dopamine, serotonin

Question 31

schizophrenia is caused by an excess of what neurotransmitter

Answer 31

dopamine in the frontal lobe

Question 32

myasthenia gravis is caused by an impairment of what neurotransmitter

Answer 32

acetylcholine in the synapse

Question 33

Parkinson’s disease is caused by a deficiency in what neurotransmitter

Answer 33

dopamine related to substantia nigra

Question 34

what can change ion permeability

Answer 34

neurotransmitters

Question 35

how do ESPS and ISPS interact

Answer 35

the postsynaptic neuron adds the sum together and decides whether to fire an action potential or not

Question 36

temporal summation

Answer 36

summing of several ESPS occurring very close together in time by a single presynaptic neuron

Question 37

spatial summation

Answer 37

summing of several ESPS occurring simultaneously from several presynaptic neurons

Question 38

can action potentials or graded potentials be summated

Answer 38

graded
action potentials are all or nothing responses