control of body movement

Question 1

what are the somatic reflexes

Answer 1

stretch reflex, golgi tendon reflex, withdrawal reflex, crossed extensor reflex

Question 2

what is a reflex

Answer 2

under normal circumstances, a specific stimulus will elicit a predictable response

Question 3

sensory receptors

Answer 3

monitor movement

Question 4

sensory neurons

Answer 4

carry input signals

Question 5

somatic motor neurons

Answer 5

carry output signals (alpha motor neurons/ lower motor neuron in the anterior horn of spinal cord)

Question 6

extrafusal muscle fibers

Answer 6

contractile skeletal fibers

Question 7

what does the CNS need for effective control of motor output

Answer 7

continual information regarding ongoing changes

Question 8

what are the type types of proprioceptors

Answer 8

muscle spindle and golgi tendon organs

Question 9

muscle spindles

Answer 9

stretch receptors scattered and arranged parallel to contractile extrafusal muscle fibers

Question 10

what do muscle spindles do

Answer 10

send information to the spinal cord and brain about muscle length and changes in muscle length

Question 11

muscle spindles consist of connective tissue capsules that do what

Answer 11

enclose group of small muscle fibers known as intrafusal fibers

Question 12

what is the stretch reflex

Answer 12

a local negative feedback mechanism that senses and resists changes in muscle length when an additional load is applied

Question 13

what prevents us from falling when our knees start to buckle

Answer 13

stretch reflex

Question 14

golgi tendon

Answer 14

found at the junction of tendons and muscle fibers

Question 15

what are golgi tendons composed of

Answer 15

free nerve endings that wind between collagen fibers inside a connective tissue capsule

Question 16

muscle contractions pull on collagen fibers (tendons of the muscle) that activate the golgi tendon organs to do what

Answer 16

cause them to fire

Question 17

what type of feedback is given when golgi tendon organs are activated

Answer 17

negative feedback, causes inhibition of the muscle to continue firing

Question 18

what are muscle cramps a disorder of

Answer 18

motor neurons

Question 19

what happens during a muscle cramp

Answer 19

the limit of excitability of a muscle may affect the golgi tendon organs

Question 20

what are the remedies for muscle cramping

Answer 20

electrolyes, stretching the muscle, vitamin D, electrical stimulation, sodium channel blockers

Question 21

when does reciprocal innervation occur

Answer 21

during withdrawal reflex

Question 22

what is reciprocal innervation

Answer 22

connection involving stimulation of the nerve supplying one muscle and simultaneous inhibition of the nerves to its antagonist muscle

Question 23

what is withdrawal reflex usually accompanied by

Answer 23

crossed extensor reflexes

Question 24

what is the crossed extensor reflex

Answer 24

divergence of the sensory signal permits a single stimulus to control two sets of antagonistic muscle groups

Question 25

why is the crossed extensor reflex important in accompanying the withdrawal reflex

Answer 25

to keep us balanced, think lego