Symbol/picture cards

Question 1

How do bacteria divide? What is the formula which can predict the doubling time of bacterial populations?

Answer 1

By binary fission; DNA replicates, then the two molecules go to opposite ends of cells.

Doubling time: b = B x 2ⁿ

where:

b = # final bacteria

B = # initial bacteria

n = number of generations

Question 2

What is the formula for the first step in glycolysis?

Answer 2

Glucose + 2ADP + 2NAD⁺ + 2P_i → 2Pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2NADH + 2H⁺

Question 3

Recount the steps of glycolysis and the intermediate products/enzymes involved

Answer 3

Question 4

What is oxidative phosphorylation?

Answer 4

A series of reactions along the inner membrane of the mitochondria. It reoxidates reducing equivalents (H) generated in Krebs cycle. The ETC transfers electrons from reductants (hydrogens) to oxygen in a series of exergonic (exothermic) reactions, thus producing H2O

Question 5

List the ATP yields for the 8 reactions in biological energy production

Answer 5

Their is a cost of 2 ATP to generate two molecules of NADH in the cyoplasm, so the net yield is 36 in eukaryotic cells

Question 6

Recount a broad scheme of the Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain

Answer 6

Question 7

Describe/draw/recount the organization of muscular tissue. Including:

• Skeletal muscle
• Muscle fibres (cells)
• Myofibrils
• Sarcomeres
  
  • Z line
  • M line
  • I band
  • A band

Answer 7

Question 8

Recount bone schematic for:

the wall of a long bone

basic adult bone structure

Answer 8

Question 9

Recall the schematic anatomy of the eye

Answer 9

Question 10

Describe a schematic expressing the pituitary hormones and their target organs

Answer 10

Question 11

Recall the flow of blood through the heart

Answer 11

Question 12

Explain why the oxygen dissociation curve for hemoglobin is sigmoidal

What can shift the partial pressure of O₂ (PO₂) to the left/right?

Answer 12

Because the binding of oxygen to hemoglobin is cooperative. Each oxygen that binds to Hb facilitates the binding of the next oxygen.

Shift to right (more O₂ saturation) occurs when:

• Muscle is hot
• Acidic (due to lactic acid)
• Hypercarbic (increases CO₂, causing acidity)
• High levels of organic phosphates (esp 2,3-DPG in RBCs)

Question 13

Recall the five structural components of the kidneys

Answer 13

Question 14

Recall the structural components of the nephron

Answer 14

Question 15

Explain the countercurrent principle in the loop of Henle and the flow of components in the loop of Henle

Answer 15

Question 16

Recall a schematic representing spermatogenesis and oogenesis

Answer 16

Question 17

Recall changes in homone concentration during the menstrual cycle.

Answer 17

Question 18

What are the three allelic genes in the population, in regards to blood antigens?

Explain dominance

Answer 18

I^A I^B and I^O

I^A and I^B are codominant, I^O is recessive

Thus, in a given population, there are six possible genotypes, which result in four possible phenotypes (A, B, AB or O)

Question 19

Give the equation for Hardy Weinberg’s equilibrium when allele frequencies are given

Answer 19

p² + 2pq + q² = 1

Where AA = p²

Aa = 2pq

aa = q²

Question 20

On this picture of the classic action potential, where is the absolute refractory period and where is the relative refractory period?

Answer 20

Absolute refractory: Between the highest point (maximum depolarization) to the lowest (maximum hyperpolarizatio)

Relative refractory period: From the lowest back to resting potential

Question 21

A. Decreases the rate of electrophilic reaction of the free amino group

B. Decrease the rate of nucleophilic reaction of the free amino group

C. Enhance the rate of nucleophilic reaction of the free amino group

D. Enhances the rate of electrophilic reaction of the free amino group

Answer 21

C. Enhances the rate of nucleophilic reaction of the free amino group

The amino group went from having a positively charged nitrogen with three hydrogens and no lone pairs (awful nucleophile) to having a lone pair and no charge (good nucleophile)