Symbol/picture cards Flashcards
How do bacteria divide? What is the formula which can predict the doubling time of bacterial populations?
By binary fission; DNA replicates, then the two molecules go to opposite ends of cells.
Doubling time: b = B x 2n
where:
b = # final bacteria
B = # initial bacteria
n = number of generations
What is the formula for the first step in glycolysis?
Glucose + 2ADP + 2NAD+ + 2Pi → 2Pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2NADH + 2H+
Recount the steps of glycolysis and the intermediate products/enzymes involved
What is oxidative phosphorylation?
A series of reactions along the inner membrane of the mitochondria. It reoxidates reducing equivalents (H) generated in Krebs cycle. The ETC transfers electrons from reductants (hydrogens) to oxygen in a series of exergonic (exothermic) reactions, thus producing H2O
List the ATP yields for the 8 reactions in biological energy production
Their is a cost of 2 ATP to generate two molecules of NADH in the cyoplasm, so the net yield is 36 in eukaryotic cells
Recount a broad scheme of the Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain
Describe/draw/recount the organization of muscular tissue. Including:
- Skeletal muscle
- Muscle fibres (cells)
- Myofibrils
- Sarcomeres
- Z line
- M line
- I band
- A band
Recount bone schematic for:
the wall of a long bone
basic adult bone structure
Recall the schematic anatomy of the eye
Describe a schematic expressing the pituitary hormones and their target organs
Recall the flow of blood through the heart
Explain why the oxygen dissociation curve for hemoglobin is sigmoidal
What can shift the partial pressure of O2 (PO2) to the left/right?
Because the binding of oxygen to hemoglobin is cooperative. Each oxygen that binds to Hb facilitates the binding of the next oxygen.
Shift to right (more O2 saturation) occurs when:
- Muscle is hot
- Acidic (due to lactic acid)
- Hypercarbic (increases CO2, causing acidity)
- High levels of organic phosphates (esp 2,3-DPG in RBCs)
Recall the five structural components of the kidneys
Recall the structural components of the nephron
Explain the countercurrent principle in the loop of Henle and the flow of components in the loop of Henle
Recall a schematic representing spermatogenesis and oogenesis
Recall changes in homone concentration during the menstrual cycle.
What are the three allelic genes in the population, in regards to blood antigens?
Explain dominance
IA IB and IO
IA and IB are codominant, IO is recessive
Thus, in a given population, there are six possible genotypes, which result in four possible phenotypes (A, B, AB or O)
Give the equation for Hardy Weinberg’s equilibrium when allele frequencies are given
p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1
Where AA = p2
Aa = 2pq
aa = q2
On this picture of the classic action potential, where is the absolute refractory period and where is the relative refractory period?
Absolute refractory: Between the highest point (maximum depolarization) to the lowest (maximum hyperpolarizatio)
Relative refractory period: From the lowest back to resting potential
A. Decreases the rate of electrophilic reaction of the free amino group
B. Decrease the rate of nucleophilic reaction of the free amino group
C. Enhance the rate of nucleophilic reaction of the free amino group
D. Enhances the rate of electrophilic reaction of the free amino group
C. Enhances the rate of nucleophilic reaction of the free amino group
The amino group went from having a positively charged nitrogen with three hydrogens and no lone pairs (awful nucleophile) to having a lone pair and no charge (good nucleophile)
