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BOT 306 > Symbiosis, Emergent Property, and Self-Interest > Flashcards

Symbiosis, Emergent Property, and Self-Interest Flashcards

1
Q

What is the antiquity of genomic traits related to mycorrhizal evolution based on?

A

Molecular clock estimates

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2
Q

What happened during the middle Ordovician period?

A

Spores attributed to terrestrial plants
Spores and hyphae attributed to Glomeromycotina

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3
Q

What occurred during the Sil. period?

A

Possible origin of the common symbiotic signaling pathway
Terrestrial plant remains and charophytes (multicellular algae) found
Stratified lichens found

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4
Q

What occurred during the early Devonian period?

A

AM and CMm para-mycorrhizas
Occurrence of Ascomycota

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5
Q

What happened during the middle Devonian period?

A

Trees and forests

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6
Q

What happened during the Mississippian Carboniferous period?

A

Occurrence of Basidiomycota based on clamp connections

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7
Q

What occurred during the Pennsylvanian Carboniferous period?

A

AM involving roots = true mycorrhizas

Early saprophytic or parasitic Agaricomycotina; limited ligninolytic peroxidases and CAZymes

Loss of plant cell wall-degrading enzymes in Glomeromycotina

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8
Q

What happened in the Permian period?

A

Origin of white rot

Diversification of saprophytic cellulolytic apparatus: expansion of CAZymes

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9
Q

What occurred during the Triassic period?

A

Podocarpaceae

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10
Q

What happened between the Triassic and Jurassic periods?

A

Multiple origins of brown rots

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11
Q

What appeared during the Jurrasic period?

A

Pinaceae

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12
Q

What appeared in the early Cretaceous period?

A

Angiosperms

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13
Q

What happened during the Jurassic period?

A

Multiple origins of ectomycorrhizas: losses of PCWDEs; diversification of MiSSPs

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14
Q

What happened during the Cretaceous period?

A

Origins of soil and litter decomposers: loss of lignin oxidoreductase; CAZymes expanded

Multiple origins of ectomycorrhizas and orchid mycorrhizal: maintenance of PCWDEs

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15
Q

What appeared during the late Cretaceous?

A

Ericaceae

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16
Q

What appeared during the Palaeogene period?

A

Ectomycorrhizas

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17
Q

What did Mereschkowski argue?

A

That evolution is only possible via symbiosis
Used lichens as an example of the evolutionary innovation arising from symbiosis

18
Q

What did Elenkin argue?

A

Insisted on describing lichen symbiosis as a tug-of-war rather than a friendly mutualism

19
Q

What is Margulis known for?

A

Recognized as the discoverer of bacterial origin of mitochondria

20
Q

How do we know which type of symbiosis is occurring>

A

Effect on host
Goods or services exchanged
Types of transmission
Interdependence
Effect on genomes

21
Q

What is a host?

A

When the partner is larger and easy to see, or when it is clearly parasitized

22
Q

What is the difference between open and closed symbiosis?

A

Open = the host can encounter other partners
Closed = the partner range is limited

23
Q

What is auxotrophy?

A

An organism that does not have the machinery to make something essential

24
Q

What are goods and services exchanged or syntrophy restricted to?

A

Open systems

25
Q

What does extracellular secretion lend itself to?

A

Symbiosis

26
Q

Biological market: AM fungi

A

Fungus receives: C for growth
Partner receives: P, N
Other partners? Yes, open market

27
Q

Biological market: EM fungi

A

Fungus receives: C for growth
Partner receives: P, N
Other partners? Yes, open market

28
Q

Biological market: Lichen fungi

A

Fungus receives: sugars for cell preservation
Partner receives: Protection against herbivory, UV light
Other partners? Yes, open market

29
Q

Biological market: Insect fungi

A

Fungus receives: ?
Partner receives: essential amino acids
Other partners: depends, some open and some closed

30
Q

Are species fixed to a lifestyle?

A

No
Shift in emphasis from status to function

31
Q

What is a cooperative partner?

A

May take a fair amount of P for a given amount of C

32
Q

What is a non-cooperative partner?

A

May take more C for the same amount

33
Q

What is a cheater partner?

A

May take C and give nothing in return

34
Q

What is vertical transmission?

A

Like Soredia - co-transmission

35
Q

What is horizontal transmission?

A

Couples disassemble and regenerate every cycle

36
Q

What is leaky vertical transmission?

A

It is like vertical transmission but lots of mistakes are made
Other organisms might get into the packages

37
Q

What is the effect of genomes on symbiosis?

A

Genome sizes tend to be smaller with vertical transmission than with horizontal transmission

38
Q

What is the effect of fitness on symbiosis?

A

Host fitness drop is higher with vertical transmission
Host fitness drop is higher when the symbiont function is nutritional

39
Q

What do most plastids have?

A

Symbiotic origins

40
Q

What is a holobiont?

A

An assemblage of a host and many other species living in or around it, which form a discrete ecological unit through symbiosis

41
Q
A

BOT 306 (16 decks)

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