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BOT 306 > Basidiomycetes > Flashcards

Basidiomycetes Flashcards

1
Q

What is the group that contains all the mushrooms?

A

Agaricomycetes

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2
Q

What types of fruiting bodies may be found in agaricomycetes?

A

Mushrooms, puffballs, brackets/conks/shelf, earth stars

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3
Q

What is a basidiocarp?

A

An umbrella term referring to the macroscopic fruiting structure (sporocarp), somewhere deep within, the basidia

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4
Q

Which orders mostly have gills?

A

Order agaricales/euagarics

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5
Q

Which order mostly has pores?

A

Order Boletales

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6
Q

What is the identification of mushrooms based on?

A

Basidiocarp characteristics

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7
Q

Where is most of the biomass of the mycelium?

A

Most of the biomass is in a subterranean mycelium

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8
Q

What is plasmogamy?

A

When the cytoplasms of two cells unite, but the nuclei have not yet fused

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9
Q

What is karyogamy?

A

When the nuclei of two cells unite

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10
Q

What is meiosis?

A

Chromosomal crossover, produces haploid nuclei

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11
Q

What does monokaryon refer to?

A

A single nucleus in the cell

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12
Q

What does dikaryon refer to?

A

Two nuclei in the cell

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13
Q

What do hyphae contain at some point in their life cycle?

A

To genotypically distinct nuclei

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14
Q

Where do dikaryotic cells occur?

A

In both Basidiomycota and Ascomycota

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15
Q

Where are dikaryotic cells dominant or have a very short life stage?

A

Dominant = Basidiomycota
Short life stage = Ascomycota

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16
Q

What does Basidiomycota form that is unique?

A

Clamp connections

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17
Q

What are basidiospores discharged as?

A

Ballistospores

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18
Q

How do ballistospores work?

A
  1. Basidiospore attached to its sterigma before drop formation
  2. Buller’s drop appears at the hilar appendix, the adaxial drop emerges on the spore wall above it and extends downwards as it increases in size. The center of the mass of spore plus drop moves to a position closer to the hilar appendix
  3. Contact between the two drops is followed by immediate coalescence and the combined mass of liquid moves rapidly up the adaxial face of the spore away from the hilar appendix. There is an increase in kinetic energy.
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19
Q

What determines how far a ballistospore will fly?

A

The aerodynamic radius of the particle
The shape of the particle
The amount of adhering liquid
The particle velocity

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20
Q

Where are basidia positioned on mushrooms?

A

Gills

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21
Q

What are the cystidia types?

A

Cheilocystidia = gill edge
Pleurocystidia = gill sides
Pileocystidia = cap surface
Caulocystidia = stem surface

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22
Q

What do autotrophs do?

A

Fix carbon using sunlight

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23
Q

What are the types of heterotrophy?

A

Ingestive/phagotropic
Assimilative/osmotroph

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24
Q

How do fungi obtain nutrients?

A

Through assimilative heterotrophy
They secrete enzymes then suck up the digestive products

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25
Q

Many Agaricomycotina are ___?

A

Mycorrhizal and obtain carbon through plant interactions

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26
Q

How do wood rot fungi obtain nutrients?

A

They possess enzymes for breaking down cellulose and lignin and obtain carbon from decomposition processes

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27
Q

What is ectomycorrhizae?

A

mycorrhiza formed by Basidiomycetes and the hyphae do not penetrate root cells

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28
Q

What is a monophyletic group?

A

A group that contains the most recent common ancestor and all of its descendants

29
Q

What is a polyphyletic group?

A

A group of organisms with more than one common ancestor, the most recent common ancestor is not included

30
Q

What is a paraphyletic group?

A

A group of organisms that contains the most recent common ancestor but not all of its descendants

31
Q

What are Gasteroid fungi?

A

Stomach-like fungi which include puffballs, earth stars, stinkhorns, and false truffles
They are polyphyletic

32
Q

Which Gasteroid fungi belong to Agaricales?

A

Puffballs

33
Q

Where do puffballs produce basidiospores?

A

Toward the inside

34
Q

What does the Thelephorales include?

A

Hedgehogs, also known as hydnoid fungi

35
Q

What is unique about hedgehogs?

A

They have teeth instead of gills

36
Q

What is guttation?

A

The exudation of drops of liquid
May be used as a defense/offense strategy

37
Q

What are some polypore-specific terminology?

A

Basidioma = same as basidiocarp
Stipe = same as stalk/stem
Context = the tissue between the upper surface and the pore layer
Pileus = the upper surface

38
Q

What are polypores that lack a pileus called?

A

Effuse or resupinate = upside down

39
Q

What do polypores do?

A

They act as forest pathogens and decomposers

40
Q

What is white rot fungi?

A

Fungi that first remove the lignin layer and leave the cellulose exposed, also for use by other organisms

41
Q

What is brown rot fungi?

A

Fungi that break down the cellulose of wood and leave behind cubical shapes

42
Q

What is sap rot?

A

Attacks on the living tissue of the tree = pathogenic
Kills the tree

43
Q

What is heart rot?

A

Attacks dead tissue of the tree
Doesn’t necessarily kill the tree

44
Q

What are rhizomorphs?

A

Compound, root-like mycelial structures
Can be many meters long
Used for exploration and resource translocation

45
Q

Where are rhizomorphs best studied?

A

In rot fungi

46
Q

What do rhizomorphs exhibit?

A

What looks like tissue differentiation

47
Q

What are homobasidiomycetes?

A

The basidium is a single-cell

48
Q

What are heterobasidiomycetes?

A

The basidium has cell divisions called septa

49
Q

What are some common heterobasidiomycetes?

A

Jelly fungi
Cantharellus

50
Q

What are the 3 subphyla of Basidiomycetes?

A

Agaricomycotina (mushrooms, boletes, polypores, jelly fungi)
Rusts and many yeasts
Smuts

51
Q

What is the class for Rusts called?

A

Pucciniomycotina

52
Q

What is unique about the life cycle of rusts?

A

Includes a principal host and an alternate host
Involves 5 different types of spores

53
Q

What type of spores are found in the rust life cycle?

A

Basidiospores - wind-dispersed
Teliospores - sessile
Urediniospores - wind-dispersed
Spermatia - insect-dispersed
Aecinospores - wind-dispersed

54
Q

Which spores are unable to re-infect cereals?

A

Basidiospores

55
Q

Which spores are unable to re-infect barberry?

A

Aecinospores

56
Q

What type of cells and spores are found on the principal host?

A

Dikaryotic
Teliospores and urediniospores

57
Q

What types of cells and spores are found on the alternate host?

A

Both mono and dikaryotic
Spermatia and urediniospores

58
Q

What is the class for Smuts called?

A

Ustilaginomycotina

59
Q

Why are smuts sometimes called Brandpilze or burn fungi?

A

They often leave plant tissues blackened

60
Q

Where are smuts common?

A

In our region in sedge inflorescences

61
Q

How do the meta-basidium in smuts reproduce?

A

They bud as yeasts

62
Q

Where does the monokaryotic stage of smuts grow?

A

On already dead matter

63
Q

What is unique about the dikaryotic stage of smuts?

A

They are pathogenic on plants

64
Q

What does the smut group include?

A

Yeast pathogens

65
Q

What are the characteristics of yeast pathogens?

A

They are all haploid without a known sexual stage
They are obligately lipophilic
They are present on healthy human skin and can become opportunistically infectious in hair follicles, causing dermatitis

66
Q

What are yeasts?

A

Any unicellular fungus that reproduces through budding, or fission in some cases

67
Q

The ability to form yeasts is what?

A

Polyphyletic
They occur all over the tree of life, though some fungi appear unable to form them

68
Q

What are the hyphal and yeast states also referred to as?

A

Hyphal = sexual/teleomorph
Yeast = asexual/anamorph

69
Q

Why is the naming system for the stages of yeast messy?

A

In some fungi, you can have both mitotic and meiotic hyphal forms and some yeasts have a sexual stage without becoming hyphal

BOT 306 (16 decks)

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