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Geography Year 12 > Sydney > Flashcards

Sydney Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the urban dynamics of change?

A

Suburbanisation, exurbanisation, counterurbanisation, decentralisation, consolidation, urban decay, urban renewal, urban village, spatial exclusion

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2
Q

Suburbanisation definition

A

Continual development of housing in suburbs sprawling outwards from the outskirts of major cities.

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3
Q

Suburbanisation: info

A
  • response to the desire for low-density, affordable housing
  • contributed to mostly by young families and couples
  • facilitated by advancements in transport technology and infrastructure (roads and rail) and high speed internet and video conferencing
  • greenfield developments: where large, planned communities exist on previously undeveloped land
  • sprawl: initially concentrated on the coast, sprawling west –> restricted by national parks north and south of sydney
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4
Q

Suburbanisation examples in Sydney

A

Lower socioeconomic suburb: Claymore (SW) –> UE = 32%, Medium household income weekly = $639

Medium / middle class suburb: Parramatta (west) –> UE = 7.2%, Medium household income weekly = $1739

Wealthy suburbs: Lindfield (north shore) –> 4.3%, household income = $2513

Extreme wealth: Point Piper (East), UE = 2.9%, income = $3644

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5
Q

Exurbanisation: definition

A

Where affluent people move from the city to rural areas but continue to maintain an urban way of life, either through long distance commuting or technology

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6
Q

Exurbanisation: information

A
  • moving to a semi-rural area which is still connected to a large city
  • allows resident to maintain a semi-rural lifestyle with hobby farms
  • residents can maintain professional networks with the nearby larger city
  • sea changer = moves from city to coastal area
  • tree changer = moves from city to bushland
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7
Q

Exurbanisation examples in Sydney

A
  • Southern highlands: Bowral
  • Average age = 60+
  • Properties sold for 5 million
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8
Q

Counterurbanisation: definition

A

the relocation of people and employment from large urban centres to smaller urban centres or rural areas

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9
Q

Counterurbanisation: infromation

A

Reasons to move include:

  • affordable housing and cost of living
  • greater potential for employment opportunities
  • moving from overcrowding, expensive housing and long commutes

Factors which have contributed include transport and information technologies - generally only a phenomenon in MEDCs

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10
Q

Counterurbanisation examples in Sydney

A

Moving from Sydney to Newcastle

Push Factors:
- Noise pollution, higher crime rates, overcrowding, parking + transport shortages, lack of open space and parks
Pull Factors:
- Larger houses with garden space, lower crime rates, less pollution, less crowding, increased schooling environment

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11
Q

Decentralisation: definition

A

A government policy or driven by business which attempts to reduce the concentration of businesses, services and population in major city centres, and to increase population size in small regional centres. (closely linked to counterurbanisation)

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12
Q

Decentralisation examples in Sydney

A
  • Norwest Business Park: Bella Vista and Baulkham Hills
  • Macquarie Park: North Ryde
  • Parramatta
  • moving the department of industry to Bathurst
  • the ‘Decade of Decentralisation’ is the NSW government’s overarching policy to ensure the increase of regional NSW’s role –> end goal is to remove 100 000m2 of government office space out of the CBD and into regional centres
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13
Q

Consolidation definition

A

A government policy which attempts to reduce urban sprawl by increasing the population density in an area.

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14
Q

Consolidation: information

A
  • intened to improve efficiency of services provision, reduce car dependence, and limit the need for land used for housing
  • most popular in city centres and along transport routes, increasingly being integrated into housing for most suburbs
  • often located on former brownfield sites (derilict industrial and commercial sites)
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15
Q

Consolidation examples in Sydney

A

Pacific Highway - 1/4 acre residential block has been amalgamated with other residential blocks and these are now sites of unit blocks several stories high

Chatswood

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16
Q

Urban decay definition

A

Urban decay involves the deterioration of existing buildings and the subsequent degradation of surrounding areas

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17
Q

Urban decay information

A
  • may be the result of large-scale change in the economic structure of a city, or may reflect the socio-economic status of the residents fo the area
  • most common in the least popular and cheapest areas of sydney
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18
Q

Urban decay examples in Sydney

A
  • White Bay power station, Rozella

- Tram Sheds, Newtown

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19
Q

Urban Renewal: definition

A

Redevelopment of run-down areas

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20
Q

Urban renewal: information

A
  • involves clearing away decayed parts of city, improving transport and commercial facilities, community services, landscaping and renovating or rebuilding dilapidated structures
  • involves creating a new identity for a city by gutting and renovating industrial buildings to create high density housing
  • CBD is constantly being renewed
  • gentrification is a form of urban renewal: involving the renovation of heritage buildings. As a result, the surrounding urban environment changes character (with the invasion of more affluent groups, increasing property prices and living expenses). Wealthy people and double-income couples (DINKS: double income no kids + YUPPIES: Young Upwardly Mobile Professionals) compete for high rents and purchase prices and gain access to inner city life. :
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21
Q

Urban village definition

A

Characterised by a mix of residential, recreational and commercial zoning

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22
Q

Urban village information

A

Pedestrian activity encouraged to foster community activity

Public transport use encouraged and car dependence is minimised

Common for urban villages to be influenced by a particular cultural or demographic group within the community

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23
Q

Urban village examples in Sydney

A

Cabramatta: Vietnamese Population
Darlinghurst: LGBTQ
Parramatta: Indian (Parramasala)

24
Q

Spatial exclusion definition

A

Most pronounced in developments designed for the urban elite. They forster the luxury lifestyles inside gated or walled communities and exclude the “undesired elements” such as homeless, criminals and socio-economically disadvantaged
Typically tightly regulated

25
Q

Spatial Exclusion examples in Sydney

A 
Liberty Grove (Homebush) 
The Manor (Cherrybrook) 
Jacksons Landing (Pyrmont) 
Macquarie Links (Ingleburn)
26
Q

Sydney: Nature

A

The city has ‘sprawled outwards’ into the urban fringe due to suburbanisation and the demand for cheaper and larger blocks of land. Accelerated by technological advancements and infrastructure development, allowing for faster commuting times.

  • Multicultural home of 4.8 million people
  • Crane index report confirms that Sydney is the construction capital of Australia (299 cranes on Sydney’s horizon – 41% of Australia’s cranes)
  • Cranes are part of large scale development across government (education and transport), commercial and residential
27
Q

Sydney: Location

A
  • 33o52’S, 151o10’E
  • Sprawls over two main regions: the Cumberland Plain (flat region to the south and west of Port Jackson) and the Hornsby Plateau (sandstone plateau lying north to the harbour)
  • Covers an area of 12 000 km2
  • Geographical boundaries of rugged sandstone to the north, south and west, and the Tasman Sea to the East
28
Q

2 Main forces?

A

Globalisation:
- Decrease in the importance of manufacturing (more service based industry)
- Decreased need for warehousing as ‘Just In Time Production’ has increased
- Dramatically increased office employment in the new economy of computers
- Electronic communication, advanced producer services (Accounting and Finance, Advertising, Law and Banking)
- Polarisation and marginalisation of rich and poor as a result
Transport and Information Technology:
- Development of technologies that enable people to move around between cities and to share information has been critical in improving the liveability of cities

29
Q

Suburbanisation History

A

Walking city: 1830s
- centred around Woolloomooloo, Surry Hills, Pyrmont, Paddington, Redfern and Newton

Transit City: 1880s

  • Development of tramways and railways
  • spread north, south, west, with isolated communities at Parramatta, Hunters Hill, Manly
  • opening of harbour bridge gave easier access to the north shore

Automobile City

  • Sydney’s inner city suburbs were seen as undesirable places to live (desired the 1/4 acre block)
  • High quality housing (northern side of harbour), lower quality housing to the West and South
30
Q

Suburbanisation Contemporary

A

resulted from: migration and increase in number of smaller families

  • new suburbs characterised by
  • Varying quality of housing
  • Owner-occupied housing
  • Local and regional shopping centres
  • Suburban factories
  • Suburban educational institutions and other infrastructure like hospitals
31
Q

Dynamics of change notes

A
  • Developed outwards – ‘centrifugal urbanisation’ led to distant booming suburbs and population decline in the inner city
  • Threated to turn into a ‘doughnut city’ with an expanding outer city and a decaying core
  • Areas of inner city and inner west of Sydney have been affected by urban decay since the 1960s, when manufacturing industries moved out of the suburbs to take advantage of cheap rents and new infrastructure.
  • Urban renewal: Summer Hill, Stanmore, Lewisham and Newtown
  • Suburbanisation remains a dominant process of metropolitan growth in Australia’s largest cities, but the “doughnut effect” of inner city has disappeared for Sydney, with increased investments of the inner city as former industrial sites allowing them to change to residential, high density buildings
32
Q

Social structure

A

The form or pattern of the interrelationships of people in society. In every society there is some social structure – this results in the patterns of advantage and disadvantage.
Sydney is an egalitarian city (has a belief in equal opportunities and rights for all people), therefore this is less extreme than other cities.

Advantages in life’s opportunities and usually social position can be influenced by income and poverty, ethnicity and educational levels and employment.

33
Q

Patterns of income and poverty

A

Income is the amount of funds, goods or services that is received by an individual. In Sydney – this is mostly in money.

Areas with the highest % of high-income households (>$1500 per week) were around the waterways of Sydney, Middle Harbour and Lane Cover River and large parts of the northern suburbs

34
Q

Wealth v Income

A

Wealth consists of the physical assets, like buildings, property and financial assets. Most of the better quality housing is found in high-income areas.
Poverty is referred to as relative poverty – living standards in relation to the standards that are found in the same society. Sydney is unlikely to have anyone in absolute poverty.
Areas with the highest percentage of low income households were widely dispersed but with major concentrations in the west and south-west Sydney. (AKA the Latte Line)

35
Q

Main reasons for spatial patterns - income and pvoerty

A

Suburbanisation – high income mainly choose to live in the suburbs near waterways and higher altitudes. Low income households are often one parent families and people aged over 60 years. They live in flatter and less attractive areas to the west and south west.

Urban decay – this has resulted in less attractive areas to live. These areas in the inner city provide more affordable housing for low-incomes.

Urban renewal – suburbs with good access to the CBD or near waterways have brough high income households into the area.

36
Q

Patterns of ethnicity

A

Existence of residential concentrations of ethnic groups is an integral part of immigrating to a new country, creating enclaves of migrants. Provides support and connection to the community’s mother country through language, culture, values, etc
Main reasons for migration:
- Higher living standards in Australia
- Problems like homelessness and social dislocation Post WWII
- Widespread poverty in southern Europe
1980s: increase in refugees from Indochina, the Middle East and Latin America
- Over 43% of Sydney’s population was born overseas (according to the 2016 census)
- 38% speak another language at home
- Main source of overseas born population was China and England

37
Q

Changing economic character

A
  • world city of global importance (Alpha +)
  • premier city in Aus, economic capital of country
  • economic restructuring
  • New Economy (information) has influenced the structure of more APS based frather than industry
  • by 2031, Sydney’s economic output will almost double to $565 billion a year, 689 000 new jobs
  • Sydney stock exchange ranked 12th internationally
  • acts as regional HQ to 500 global corporations operating in Asia pacific
  • 60% of Australia’s top 100 ocmpanies are located in Sydney
  • 70% of Australia’s top 100 IT companies located in Sydney
38
Q

Renewal of Barangaroo

A
  • Residential and commercial development
  • From decay (a disused container terminal on the edge of Sydney’s CBD) into renewal (a 22 hectare waterfront precinct with green space)
  • When complete, Barangaroo will accommodate more than 23 000 workers and residents
  • Accessible by ferry (completion of Watermans Cove) and the opening of Wynyard walk and Sussex street bridge for pedestrian accessibility
39
Q

Changing nature of residential land

A

Suburbanisation:

  • historically residential land was closer to the CBD as people lived where they worked (manufacturing / pots) - Chippendale, Balmain, Piermont)
  • outward sprawl
  • blue collar workers moved to outer areas like WesternSydney
  • planned projects are sprawling the city further west - such as Spring Farm

Exurbanisation:
- increases the sprawl, as wealthier people who can still maintain connections to the city are able to commute from the Southern highlands / Bowral / Mittagong as a result of technology and transport

Consolidation:

  • historically, most homes were single family dwellings on a 1/4 acre block
  • increased population due to natural increatse and migration, and desire of living closer to transport / work place, results in the builduping up through construction of highrises
  • occuring mainly around rail networks and hubs – Sydney, Parramatta, Rhyde, near Norwest Business Park

Urban Decay and Renewal

  • blue collar workers moved out of the inner city and produced a period of decay
  • over decades, white collar workers wanted to move into these areas to engage with what Sydney has to offer
  • Colgate Palmolive Factory went into decay because it was moved to Western Sydney - has now been removed
  • these areas have been renewed (Balmain, Paddington) through gentrification

Urban Village
- - Areas that initially had no defining character have had a transformation in their streetscape to reflect a predominate culture of that area (such as Cabramatta – Vietnamese)

40
Q

Changing nature of commercial development

A

Commercial = TNCs, Offices, APS (accountancy, advertising, banking and law)
Decentralisation:
- Businesses might still have the head office in the CBD, but branches of the business could be based in areas such as Macquarie Park, North Sydney or Chatswood, as rents is less expensive than in the CBD, and there is a bigger employee base )for more of the administration side of the business)
- Decade of decentralisation = the government initiative
- Evocities
Urban Decay
- Decentralisation resulting in decay  North Sydney

41
Q

Changing Nature of Industrial Development

A

Manufacturing and Industry
Urban decay:
- The development of Rhodes meant the harbour port became irrelevant
- Movement of industry from the CBD to Western Sydney
- Industry can be located further from ports, as a result of more sophisticated transport systems and technology
Urban Renewal
- A lot of toxins used in industry meant that renewal is more complex – these are called brownfield sites
- Colgate Palmolive Factory
Decentralisation
- Movement from Sydney to outer Sydney areas
- An example of this is Woolworths – which has closed three warehouses (with a total of 1350 staff being in Yennora and Minchinbury – redeploying 650 workers)

42
Q

Parra - location

A
  • Located in the western region of Sydney on the Cumberland Plain, Parramatta is situated 25km West of the Sydney CBD
  • Is the administrative seat of the City of Parramatta and is regarded as the second CBD of Sydney
43
Q

Parra - nature

A
  • Second largest economy in NSW behind the Sydney CBD
  • Population of Western Sydney is forecast to surpass Eastern Sydney (currently 2.68 million) by 2031
  • 1 in 10 Australians and nearly 1/3 of NSW’s population live in Western Sydney
  • Over the past decade, Parramatta’s residential population has grown at 2.5% per annum, compared to 1.2% for NSW
  • Parramatta welcomes approximately 4100 new residents each year
  • 30% of Australia’s top 100 businesses now have an office in Parramatta in industries including healthcare, manufacturing, finance, scientific, retail and public administration
44
Q

Parra - Streetscape

A
  • international gateway , multicultural
  • significant Chinese and Indian populations - gateway to powerhouse economies
  • multicultrual diaspora offers potential economic opportunity and key comparative advantages for business, making it well positioned for the forced and magnitude of trade with Asia
45
Q

Parra - stats

A
  • Since 2011, population has grown by more than 32 000 residents and 11 000 dwellings
  • Population of 235 000 people in the city of Parramatta (2016)
  • Young community – median age 34
  • 34% live in high density apartments
  • 50% of residents born overseas, with 11% from India and 10% from China
  • Job creation has increased by 2.2% between 2016 and 2017
  • Close to 30% of households live on high incomes, close to 20% live on low incomes
  • Westmead has the highest concentration of Indian residents, with 42%
    Parramatta CBD
  • 5200 dwellings – median age of 31
  • ¾ speak a language other than English at home
  • 30% don’t own a car
  • 94% live in high density dwellings
46
Q

Parra - weekly incomes and property prices

A
  • Median weekly income (household)= 1759 compared to 1486 in NSW
  • Working full time = 62.9%-
  • Apartments selling for 2.8 million, existing in the same area as housing commissions (which form 5% of population)
  • Church St Parramatta selling one bedroom and 2 bedroom apartments for $700 000
47
Q

Parra - Indian Population

A
  • Fastest growing community in Australia, largest overseas born group in Parramatta at 8.2% of population
  • Indian population is young, with most aged between 20 and 40
  • 64% arrived in the previous 5 years
  • Very skilled migrants, with 64% having a degree qualification or higher
  • 60% live in high density housing
  • Predominately Gujarati speakers
48
Q

Parramatta - Nature

A
  • Parramatta CBD (core)
  • 3 specialised precincts: Westmead (Health + medical research – 16 000 employees), Rydalmere (leading tertiary institutions – University of Western Sydney) and Camellia + Rosehill (first clean technology cluster, business district that will provide sustainable waste solutions for a growing area)
  • North Parramatta heritage and arts precinct
  • Parramatta Stadium – attracts 1.7 million visitors annually
  • Auto alley (southern gateway from parramatta to the CBD) will become a business district that extends to the CBD and will also support high quality inner city residential development
  • 220 000m2 of residential and commercial property opportunities
49
Q

Parra - Changing Economic character

A
  • Parramatta’s $14 billion economy is being fuelled by population and jobs growth, with an investment pipeline of $12 billion and counting
  • Parramatta CBD skyline will change forever with more than $8 billion being invested in building and construction opportunities
  • $2 billion parramatta square development underway
  • $770 million in University campuses, with Western Sydney Uni city campuses set to host 3500 students daily
  • $2 billion light rail and a proposed fast rail to Sydney CBD that will take 15 mins
  • $1 billion investment in Westmead biomedical precinct and hospital upgrade
  • Relocation of powerhouse museum with $640 million dedicated to cultural infrastructure and the museum of applied arts and sciences
  • $350 million towards the redevelopment of a 30 000 seat stadium completed in 2019
  • Western Sydney Rail upgrade of $8.9 billion and $16 billion dedicated to urban road projects
  • $2.4 billion to Western Sydney airport at Badgerys Creek
50
Q

Parra - development plan

A
  • Estimate that by 2021, $10 billion will be invested in constructing light rail, hospitals, schools, unis and cultural elements
  • In 2017-2018, the council managed more than $5.5 billion worth of assets and spend more than $233 million on essential services and $104 million on improving assets and infrastructure
  • $14 billion dollars worth of investment in infrastructure
51
Q

Parra - commercial land

A
  • Parramatta Square
  • Riverside Theatres contributed $18 million
  • $2 billion urban renewal project will include 3 A-grade commercial towers
52
Q

Parra- Industrial

A
  • hsitoric role of manufacturing
  • manufacturing moving offshort
  • second largest sector in the city, generating $7.1 billion of output, employing over 15 000 workers
  • food and grocery manufacturing capital
    advanced manufacturing hubs include Rydalmere, Camilina, Silverwater
  • Camellia Precinct = large industrial areas
53
Q

Parra - decentralisation

A

Decentralisation:

  • Since 2000, government agencies such as the NSW police force and Sydney Water have relocated to Parramatta (decentralisation)
  • The NSW government will relocate more than 4200 public service roles from the Sydney CBD to Western Sydney as part of its ‘Decade of Decentralisation’
  • Govt wants to secure up to 45 000 m2 of leased office space in Parramatta from 2022 to accommodate more than 4000 workers under an initial 10-year lease
  • Government has leased 25000m2 of office space at 105 Phillip St, Parramatta for the Department of Education
  • A further 65000m2 of office space at 4 Parramatta Square was occupied by Department of Planning, Industry and Environment, and the Department of Finance, Service and Innovation
  • Property council of Australia data shows parramatta office rents are as much as half of those in the Sydney CBD
  • The government has committed to reducing its CBD office space holdings by at least 100 000m2 by 2021
54
Q

Parra - Sustainability

A
    • Parramatta is home to 600 plant species, 230 animal species and 459ha of bushland
  • The area has 12 endangered ecological communities and 32 threatened fauna species
  • Implement a management plan for local fire hazard management, preservation of flora and fauna and iconic species, feral animal control, increased revegetation and protection of endangered flora and fauna species
  • Expand the bushland regeneration program to improve vegetation conditions
  • Continue working with our neighbouring Councils, via the Parramatta River Catchment Group, to build connected habitat corridors
  • There are has 65km of creeks and tributaries which connect to the river
  • 291 stormwater pollution devices and 8 floating booms installed in the area, removing 267 tonnes of sediment and litter (2015-2016)
  • Aim to construct new wetlands to create new animal habitats
  • Goal to create water sensitive urban design that filters pollution from stormwater runoff
  • Reduce emissions by 60% by 2038
  • 50% of electricity demand to be met by renewable energy by 2038
  • No net increase in potable water consumption by 2038
    o 25 gallons of wastewater is pumped away each year
  • Reduce resource consumption from 8.2kg to 6.1kg/person by 2038
  • Increase diversion from landfill to 85% by 2038
  • Reduce the volume of litter in the city by 40% by 2020
55
Q

Parra- Urban Renewal, businesses

A

Traditionally, agricultural land and industry located along the Parramatta River (e.g. mills) have been renewed with residential and commercial high density developments
- Telstra, GIO, Suncorp, Australian Electoral Commission – 18 Smith Street
(Building constructed 2001, A grade building, 4 star energy rating)
- Sydney Water – 1 Smith Street (2007, A grade, 4.5 energy rating, 1400 employees)
- GE Capital Finance – 32 Philip St (B grade building with 3.5 star rating, 8 levels)
- Deloitte (professional services) – 60 station street (a grade building, 400 employees)
- Westpac Church St (example of heritage building site)
Government Offices with HQ in Parramatta include:
- NSW registry of Births, deaths and Marriages
- Australian Taxation Office
- Department of Family and Community Services
- Service NSW
- NSW Police HQ
- 20-22 Macquarie street: floor space = 27,744m2
- 89 George St: 13000m2
- Justice Precinct: 50 000m2
- Westfield tower: 35 000m2

56
Q

Parra - Urban Renewal- Residential

A
  • Total Dwellings = 85 726
  • Meriton Tower (180 George St) – Parramatta’s tallest residential tower with a major supermarket
  • Population of high density: 28 977 = 33%
  • Lennox Bridge Car park – a $400m residential development project which will transform the old car park stie into a riverfront precinct, where residents will have access to a club floor with a lap pool, gym, sun terrace, bbq facilities
  • Upgrades to 4 400m2 of foreshore land planned
  • Aspire (8 Parramatta Square): Walker Corp development with the tallest proposed residential tower in the southern hemisphere, up to 700 apartments, a hotel and ground level retail
  • Western Sydney Stadium – Bankwest Stadium built to replace Parramatta Stadium
  • New stadium is a 30 000 seater
    Schols
  • Private Schools such as The Kings School for Boys (1831) and Tara Anglican School for Girls (1897)
  • New Arthur Philip high school (accommodates 2000 students) and Parramatta Public School will become the first future focused schools in NSW through an investment of more than $225 million for APHS and $97 million for PPS
    Tertiary Institutions
  • TAFE NSW Western Sydney services students from Parramatta to the Blue Mountains and upper Hawkesbury areas  Has over 90 000 students including international students
  • University of WS established in 1989, in 2014 had 42 000 students enrolled. The campus is a $220.5 million commercial development consisting of a 14 storey 26500m2 A grade building as part of Parramatta Square precinct.
  • Charles Sturt and the University of New England have Parramatta based campuses
  • Moved from Sydney to the banks of the Parramatta river
  • Set to become a catalyst for the educational, technological, economic and cultural revitalisation of Parramatta and Western Sydney more broadly

Geography Year 12 (13 decks)

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