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Geography Year 12 > Megacities > Flashcards

Megacities Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a megacity

A

Megacities are large urban agglomerations with a population of 10 million or more inhabitants. They typically occupy areas > 1000km^2

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2
Q

Population density

A 
City wide: 20000 per km2 
Urban slums (such as Dharavi): 280 000 per km2)
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3
Q

Growth rates

A

Unsustainable growth rates of 2-3% annually.

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4
Q

Population of megacities:

A

529 million - 13% of the world’s urban dwellers.

8% of the global population live in a megacity.

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5
Q

Nature of Megacities

A
  • according to the UN, there are 33 megacities, 29 existing in the developing world
  • 1 billion ppl living in slums globally
  • 1/3 of the urban developing world live in slums
  • in Dhaka (Bangladesh), >5 million of the 10 million population live in shanty towns
  • World Largest Slum is Orangi Town (Karachi Pakistan) with 2.4 million ppl
  • the number of people living in the 5 biggest slums amounts to 5.7 million
  • sites of political instability, social, political and environmental problems
  • result of a growing global population (particularly in the developing world), a continued natural increase above replacement rate and growing urban population
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6
Q

Characteristics

A
  • economic, social, political and environmental problems
  • challenges: inadequate housing, poorly developed traffic infrastructure, informal economic activity, limited access to clean water, unreliable power supply, lack of accessible sanitation, high crime rate, reduced access to formal employment
  • sharp inequalities (wealth disparity) with a growing dense core of high-rises serving as regional headquarters / subsidiary offices of TNCs (serving primarily as manufacturing zones) (example: 29 billionaires and 50 000 millionaires in Mumbai, but 40% of Mumbai’s population live in slums)
  • unregulated, uncontrollable urban sprawl and the world’s largest slums
  • site of environmental degradation and pollution
  • retreating waterfront from coastal flooding
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7
Q

Spatial Distribution

A
  • 33 megacities, 29 in developing world
  • 3 main zones: 20 in Asia (Delhi, Manila, Karachi), 6 in South / Central America (Sao Paulo, Rio de Janeiro), 3 in Africa (Cairo, Nairobi)
  • China has 6 megacities, India has 5
  • many found in equatorial region (living conditions are more ideal in these locations)
  • typically on coastline / significant waterways
  • none located in Australia
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8
Q

Why does rapid growth occur?

A
  1. Natural increase: where the TFR (total fertility rate) > replacement level (2.1)
  2. Migration: either internal migration (rural - urban) or external migration - migrants are often younger (between 15-30), affecting the demographic
  3. Reclassification: enlarging the size of urban areas through the incorporation of settlements their populations due to urban sprawl
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9
Q

define urbanisation

A

the increasing proportion of a country’s population living in an urban area (%)

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10
Q

Rapid growth statistics

A
  • 55% of the global population live in urban areas (2018)
  • the most urbanised geographic regions include North America (82%) Latin America + Caribbean (81%), Europe and Oceania
  • in Mumbai, 1/2 a million migrants come in annually
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11
Q

Push factors

A
  • lack of employment opportunities
  • starvation from insufficient yield
  • extreme physical conditions
  • hard labour (farming)
  • lack of services
  • overpopulation, resulting from high birth rates
  • mechanisation has reduced jobs available
  • lack of government investment
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12
Q

Pull factors

A
  • better paid jobs
  • higher quality of life
  • bright lights syndrome
  • religious and political activities can be carried out more safely
  • better chance of services (schools, medical treatment, entertainment)
  • employment
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13
Q

Mumbai Stats random

A
  • population of 25 million
  • history of the ‘Suez Canal’ as a place of importing and exporting
  • birth rates are falling (in the past 20 years from 2.5 to 1.4) due to changing status of women in the workplace
  • 60% of people moving to the city come within the state of Maharashtra
  • wealth disparity: 29 billionaires and 50 000 millionaires in Mumbai, but 40% of Mumbai’s population live in slums
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14
Q

Challenges list

A
  • housing
  • traffic infrastructure
  • water and power supplies
  • sanitation services
  • employment

These are challenges existing as a result of unplanned and unregulated growth.

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15
Q

Dhaka, Bangladesh

A
  • > 5 million of the city’s 10 million people live in Shanty towns
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16
Q

Favelas in Rio

A
  • Rochinha = largest favela in Brazil (150 000 + population)
    0 in Rio > 1.2 milion people live in Favelas on less than 1 euro a day
  • infant mortality rates are high, with 50 per 1000 compared to national average of 15 per thousand
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17
Q

Slums in Cairo

A
  • City of the dead (with 1/2 a million of Cairo’s population)
  • Garbage city
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18
Q

The 4 responses to housing

A
  • slum demolition
  • slum upgrading
  • slum rehousing
  • site and service scheme
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19
Q

Slum demolition example - Oto Gbame

A

Challenge:
1/5 of the city’s 23 million residents are either living in or at risk of poverty

  • typically occurs during major international events / sport competitions

Oto Gbame Slum demolition (Lagos Lagoon)

  • 2017, the state government demolished the informal waterfront settlement, evicting 30 000 squatters with 15 losing their lives
  • 300 000 people across 40 illegal waterfront communities on the Lagos lagoon have lost their house due to demolitions
20
Q

Slum upgrading - Favela-Bairro Project

A

Favela Bairro Project (1990-2000)

  • partnership between brazilian government and inter-american development bank (funding $180 million) in the slum to neighbourhood project
  • successfully developed many favela communities (253 000 residents in 73 different favela communities)
  • social benefits: increased standards of living, improved literacy rates, improved average household income, an increase in property prices, decrease in gang related violence
21
Q

Slum Rehousing (SPARC - Mumbai)

A

SPARC = NGO response

  • grassroots - works with locats to accommodate to community aspects that slums provide (terraces, wide corridors, interconnection)
  • 1 apartment houses 2000 people - 1 million people in Dharavi
  • on the periphery of the city
22
Q

ki

A

ki

23
Q

Site and Service Scheme

A
  • Informal builders provide the bulk of affordable housing
  • Sites and services schemes are the provision of plots of land, either on ownership or land lease tenure, along with a bare minimum of essential infrastructure needed for habitation
  • Key components are the plot of land and infrastructure
  • The beneficiaries themselves use their own resources, such as informal finance, etc
    Positives
  • Able to phase construction of their property over a length of time
  • Residents have legal land tenure to their new sites and an affordable alternative to transition into formal housing
  • Heavily subsidised by the government and available to low-income earning applicants (e.g. selling for Rs1 rather than Rs10000
  • Access to safe water, access to sanitation, secure tenure, durability of housing, sufficient living area
    Negatives
  • Location of schemes is usually on the urban periphery (cheaper and more available land) making it more difficult to access employment
  • Urban sprawl exacerbates pressure on transport infrastructure and increases environment degradation
  • Scheme relies on construction skills or the financial capacity to afford to pay for construction from outsourcing
24
Q

Challenge: Employment

A
  • unemployment / unemployment is up to 30-40% in many megacities
  • the informal sector: comprises almost 3/4 of all non-agricultural jobs in developing countries. accounts for 65% of all jobs in Dhaka, 50% of mexico city’s
  • Delhi: 65.7% of employed populations in informal sector
25
Q

Informal sector

A

o Low pay, labour intensive, low in productivity, poor working conditions, great potential for exploitation, lack of security, no protection, inability to save
o Can create a cycle – with the inability to collect taxes from informal sector, government hindered in financing public services
o Provides cheap goods and services, meeting the demands of lower income groups  street vendors, bottle collectors, shoe polishers, professional beggars, food stall holders, prostitutes
o Illegal, but authorities turn a blind eye
o Represents about ¾ of non-agricultural employment, and about 72% of total employment in African megacities
- Over-representation of women in the informal economy in developing urban areas (result of education access, cultural norms, religious seclusion)

26
Q

Dharavi Mumbai (informal sector)

A
  • More than 5000 businesses and 15 000 single roomed factories
  • total turnover is up to $1 billion
  • 500 - 2000 dollars annually per capita
  • 60 primary schools, 13 secondary schools, 8 private schools
  • large recycling industry, employing approx 250 000 ppl
  • 60% of Mumbai’s plastic is recycled at Dharavi
27
Q

Employment Response - International Labour Organisation Labour Standard (2015)

A
  • Aim: facilitate the transition of workers from formal to informal, promote employment in formal economy, prevent informalisation of jobs
  • Rio and Sao Paulo have rapidly formalised their economies, with job creation in formal economy being 3x that in the informal economy
  • Of the 187 member states, some governments (including China and India) have not ratified all conventions into domestic law
28
Q

Employment NGO response - Microfinance (Grameen Bank - Bangladesh)

A
  • Microfinance: a financial service targeting individuals and small businesses who lack access to conventional banking and related services. It includes microcredit and the provision of small loans to poor clients.
  • Microfinance services reach excluded customers – helping them become more self-sufficient, expand their business and aid in the transition into the formal economy
  • In 2021: over 7000 microfinance institutions are operating in megacities of the developing world, providing small loans to 120 million recipients
  • Grameen Bank: a microfinance organisation founded in 1983, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Lens primarily to groups of women – by 2011, the total borrowers of the bank were 8.4 million (97% of those being women). Loans money to over 100 million individuals globally – repayment rate of over 98%
  • Way to promote economic development and supports microentrepreneurs. Helps the poor to manage their finances more effectively and take advantage of economic opportunity
  • Negative = could create indebtedness
29
Q

Water, challenge:

A
  • lacking draining systems, urban flooding leaves to spread of disease
  • 1/4 of city residents globally (789 million) live without access to improved sanitation facilities
  • 500 million people in cities rely on shared sanitaiton
  • 27% of urban dwellers in the developing world do not have access to piped water at home
  • the urban poor pay up to 50x more for a litre of water than richer neighbours
30
Q

Challenge - Water in Sao Paulo, Brazil

A
  • Brazil possesses 14% of the world’s water, however only 1.6% of this is in Sao Paulo (which has 25% of Brazil’s population)
  • 1/2 of the 22 water basins face critical shortages
  • half the water supply is bought from neighbouring basins
  • only 60% of sewerage is treated
  • over 75% of forests surrounding Sao Paulo’s water catchments ahve been degraded
  • 20% of water is lost due to leaking pipes
  • close to 1/3 of Sao Paulo’s 11 million people live in slum conditions
  • Drought: turned off water supply for 12 hours a day
31
Q

Response - water in Sao Paulo

A

The nature conservancy - the green blue water coalition

  • increase water security for more than 60 million brazilians in 12 metropolitan regions
  • ‘Cantareira Catchment Project’ aims to reforest the reservoir (which only has 22% of its original forest cover)
  • forest will produce water supply in dry periods through fog capture, prevents erosion, reduces sediment pollution by 36%, provides jobs for >140 000 ppl
32
Q

Challenge - water - mexico city

A
  • home to 21 million people
  • 20% of Mexico’s population lives in MC
  • climate change, over extraction, ageing infrastructure and sewerage contamination affect quantity and quality of water available for domestic use
  • 40% of the city’s water is lost through leaking pipes
  • 2/5 of a family’s wage goes to buying water
  • 5 million Mexicans live without access to clean water
  • 81% of Mexicans report they do not drink tap water
  • Mexico City ranks 1st for gastrointestinal infections from water
33
Q

Response - water - mexico city

A

Privatisation of Water and Urban Protests

  • Privatisation: provide better, cheaper and cleaner water
  • Allows for municipalities to diver water from citizens instead to industry (such as fracking)
  • urban protest delayed passing of the bill

Isla Urbana Rainwater Harvesting

  • NGO
  • collects and cleans rainwater
  • provides individual residences with 40% of water supply
  • 75 million litres of water have been saved since the implementation
  • 500 rainwater harvesting systems installed (60 000 people affected)
  • saves $200 a year for a family
34
Q

Challenge - Power

A
  • electricity shortages are detrimental due to increased expectations for communication technology
  • 40% of the world’s poor living in urban areas lack access to energy services
  • South Asia alone, 800 million people have no access to electricity
  • stolen electricity results in high prices and dangerous conditions
  • faulty wiring can cause devastating fires (i.e. in 2020, slums of Dhaka experienced 30 separate fire incidents, impacting 20 000 squatters
35
Q

Response - power - Delhi India

A

Tata Power Company ‘Abhas’ Bill Collectors

  • partnership in Delhi India
  • power theft is responsible for $10 billion of losses annually
  • hired 841 women (across 223 slums) to persuade people to pay their energy bills
  • 183% increase in revenue - active power connections risen by 40%, meaning that 56000 previously freeloading homes become active bill paying customers
36
Q

Response - power - Manila Philippines

A

Litre of Ight

  • self help project
  • reduces fire from candles
  • 1/5 filipinos living in poverty
  • bulbs are solar charged
  • cost <1 dollar to make
  • over 15 000 bottle lamps sold
  • 1000 solar bottles saves 20 tonnes of CO2
37
Q

Challenge - sanitation

A
  • ¼ city residents worldwide live without access to improved sanitation facilities
  • 1.8 billion ppl globally use a water source which has faecal contamination
  • 6000 children die daily from waterborne diseases
  • 2.2 billion people lack access to safe drinking water

Mexico City:

  • 10 000 tons of waste produced daily, over 1.4 dumped illegally
  • Instead of flowing underground, sewers flow 5m above residential housing – dangerous during downpours (as seen in 2010 when the sewerage ‘lakes’ overflowed into homes)

Dhaka:

  • 2/3 sewerage is untreated
  • 50 000 chidren die annually of cholera, diarrhoea, dysentery, typhoid and other waterborne diseases
  • The average under-five child mortality rate across 8 informal settlements of Nairobi, Kenya is 35% higher than the national figure
  • Average ratio is 16 households to 1 facility
38
Q

Response - sanitation - mumbai

A

Community Toilets

  • Highly ineffective
  • 78% of community toilets in Mumbai’s slums lack water supply, 58% have no electricity
  • Residents collectively pay 10 million rupees daily for access to these toilts
  • Average of one toilet per 190 people – with lines at peak times reaching up to 2 hours (resulting in many ppl engaging in open defecation)
  • Fragile planks over a 15-foot drop into open sewerage – 6 ppl die annually from drowning in human waste
39
Q

Response - sanitation - Karachi

A

Orangi Pilot Proposal (Self Help Project)
Facilitated through technical and physical guidance:
- 90% of the 8000 streets in the slum have sewerage pipes
- 96% of households have latrines or some equivalent
- Investment of $1.26 million USD with micro investments of under 1000 rupees from over 112000 households
- NGOs have coupled this investment – 4.93 million USD (such as Katchi Abadies)

40
Q

Response - sanitation - Bangladesh

A

Bangladesh Municipal Water Supply and Sanitation Project

  • Funded by the Asian infrastructure investment bank (AIIB) who have invested $170M to improve sanitation services in Dhaka, Bangladesh
  • Treat sewage and septage – reducing inland flooding and water pollution
  • Provide 50 000 new household sewer connections
  • Construct a new Sewage Treatment Plant with a capacity of treating around 150M litres of domestic waste water per day
  • Will support Dhaka Water Supply and Sewerage Authority
  • Project was delayed multiple times due to COVID-19
41
Q

ew dw about this

A
  • 2019: 18 million people in 53 UNICEF-supported districts in India accessed toilets for the first time
  • Enabled access to safe sanitation and hygiene spaces for children in 150 000 vulnerable schools across India
42
Q

Challenge, traffic infrastructure

A
  • Cities only cover 2% of the earth’s surface, but 54% of the world’s population live in cities
  • LEDCs’ governments have limited funding and other priorities so traffic has become a major issues
  • Urban sprawl: people’s homes and places of work are separated by long commutes – public transport is often either non-existent or inefficient – public transport are affordable, however, low fares means that the government gains little funds for maintenance
  • Turning to other options: bicycles (in Beijing there are > 10 million bicycles across the city)
43
Q

Challenge and Response - Traffic - Sao Paulo

A

Challenge:

  • 12 million residents
  • 70% of journeys are made by bus and in the east where some individuals live, buses are the only link to their work
  • 40% of residents own a motor vehicle – however this exhausts the road system
  • A 40km commute to work takes > 2 hrs and involves 4 modes of transport

Response

  • Rich people navigate the city by helicopter (having the most helicopters with more than 450 helipads on roofs)  500 helicopters, 700 flights daily
  • This solution is not viable for poorer citizens who live on the periphery
44
Q

Challenge and Response - Traffic - Jakarta

A
  • 3.5 million ppl a day commute into city from wider metropolitan area (many by car as a result of inadequate public transport)
  • Average Jakartan spends 10 years of their life in traffic
  • 70% of city’s air pollution comes from vehicles
  • Typically 2-3 hrs to travel 25 miles into centre from Bogor (largest of satellite cities)
  • Difficulties acquiring land rights in cities south delayed plans for light rail system (to boost capacity from 800 000 to 1.2 million a day)

Response
Government:
- Implemented an ‘odd-even’ scheme to allow drivers with odd license plates to use the roads on odd days, etc
- 43% decrease in the number of average travel time from period 1 to period 4 of the implementation

3 in 1 Car Pooling Rule

  • Introduced in 2003
  • Only cars with 3 or more occupants allowed to use the main roads
  • Lead to industry of ‘jockeys’ – people who hire themselves out to be a passenger so drivers can cheat traffic controls

Buses

  • 120 mile Transjakarta network carries 350 000 people a day
  • Dedicated bus lines often used by cars/motorbikes
  • Unreliable, often not on time, overcrowded
  • Separate section for women and 10 women only buses
45
Q

Yay \

A

Thank god :) hi

Geography Year 12 (13 decks)

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