Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

LASx Final > Sx conditions of the equine larynx > Flashcards

Sx conditions of the equine larynx Flashcards

1
Q

Describe 95% of laryngeal hemiplegia cases

A

Unilateral, left-sided, and idiopathic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is left sided laryngeal hemiplegia?

A

Progressive neuropathy of the left recurrent laryngeal nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What innervates the majority of the laryngeal musculature?

A

The left recurrent laryngeal nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the main abductor muscle of the larynx in the horse?

A

The cricoarytenoideus dorsalis muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What breeds are predisposed to laryngeal hemiplegia?

A

TB, draughts, warmbloods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the most common causes of right laryngeal hemiplegia?

A

(1) 4-BAD

(2) Right arytenoid chondritis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What can cause laryngeal hemiplegia in horses?

A

(1) nerve damage
(2) organophosphate or lead toxicity
(3) CNS diseases/hepatic encephalopathy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the pathophysiology of laryngeal hemiplegia?

A

Unable to achieve max abduction -> reduced size of the rim glottides -> hypoxemia, hypercapnia, acidosis -> fatigue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

You are called out to see a horse where the owner is complaining of exercise intolerance and poor performance. On exam, you hear “roaring,” which is abnormal inspiratory noise. What is your top differential?

A

laryngeal hemiplegia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How can you diagnose laryngeal hemiplegia?

A

Endoscopy, palpation and US

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the gold standard of endoscopy and laryngeal hemiplegia?

A

Dynamic endoscopy, either overground or treadmill

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What can you palpate on a horse with laryngeal hemiplegia?

A

Prominence of the muscular process of the arytenoid cartilage and the dorsal aspect of the cricoid cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the name of the grading scale for standing endoscopy with laryngeal hemiplegia?

A

Havermeyer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Define a grade 1 havermeyer laryngeal hemiplegia

A

Movement of arytenoid cartilage is synchronous and symmetrical, full abduction is achieved

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Define a grade 2 havermeyer laryngeal hemiplegia

A

Movement of arytenoid cartilage is asynchronous and/or larynx asymmetric at times but full abduction is achieved and maintained

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Define a grade 3 havermeyer laryngeal hemiplegia

A

Movement of arytenoid cartilage is asynchronous and or asymmetric. Full abduction cannot be achieved and maintained

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Define a grade 4 havermeyer laryngeal hemiplegia

A

Complete immobility of the arytenoid cartilage and vocal fold

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

When is sx indicated for laryngeal hemiplegia and why?

A

Only if it is necessary for the horse to perform because complications are frequent and often severe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the surgical options for laryngeal hemiplegia?

A

(1) prosthetic laryngoplasty
(2) Ventriculocordectomy
(3) Re-innervation of CAD muscle
(4) Re-innervation of CAD muscle + dynamic prosthetic laryngoplasty

20
Q

Which surgical option for laryngeal hemiplegia results in a major improvement of airflow mechanics?

A

Prosthetic laryngoplasty

21
Q

Which surgical option results in elimination/significant improvement of abnormal noise and some improvement of airflow dynamics?

A

Ventriculocordectomy

22
Q

What is the most commonly performed surgical treatment for laryngeal hemiplegia in a horse and what procedure is it frequently combined with?

A

Prosthetic laryngoplasty + ventriculocordectomy

23
Q

T/F The abnormal respiratory noise is removed with a prosthetic laryngoplasty

A

F: a ventriculocordectomy is the procedure that treats the abnormal noise

24
Q

What type of horses are most commonly treated with a prosthetic laryngoplasty?

A

Horses performing at high speeds

25
Q

What is the prosthesis made out of for a prosthetic laryngoplasty?

A

1-2 strands of non absorbable suture

26
Q

Does a prosthetic laryngoplasty or a ventriculocordectomy cause more complications?

A

Prosthetic laryngoplasty

27
Q

What are the complications that can be caused by a prosthetic laryngoplasty?

A

(1) Dysphagia (avoid over abduction)
(2) Chronic coughing
(3) Prosthesis failure
(4) Seroma
(5) Wound infection
(6) Arytenoid condritis

28
Q

What is the scale used to measure post-op abduction after a prosthetic laryngoplasty?

A

Dixon

29
Q

What is the most common indication for a ventriculocordectomy?

A

Sports horses where the primary complaint is noise and w/ minimal or no exercise intolerance

30
Q

What are the sx techniques that can be used for a ventriculocordectomny and which is preferred?

A

(1) Via laryngotomy or (2) trans-endoscopically (preferred)

31
Q

How is re-innervation of the CAD muscle done?

A

Branch of C1 is identified, isolated and fed through the CAD muscle

32
Q

What does C1 innervate?

A

C1 innervates the accessory respiratory muscles

33
Q

What is the time frame for re-innervation for the CAD muscle?

A

4-5 months at the earliest to 12 months

34
Q

When can’t re-innveration of the CAD muscle be performed?

A

If the horse already underwent a laryngoplasty, there is fibrosis of the CAD muscle, or there is C1 disruption

35
Q

What is the usual signalment for development of sub epiglottic cysts?

A

Young TB and SB, usually congenital

36
Q

What are the CS of sub epiglottic cysts in foals and older horses?

A

Foals: dysphagia -> coughing and pneumonia

Older horses: dysphagia if large, resp noise

37
Q

How do you diagnose a sub epiglottic cyst?

A

(1) endoscopy

2) oral endoscopy/palpation (speculum

38
Q

Describe sub epiglottic cysts

A
  • 1.5 - 5 cm, round, pink, mucosa-covered, smooth mass
  • Asymmetric elevation of epiglottis
  • +/- concurrent epiglottic entrapment
  • Lift epiglottis as some cysts might slip under soft palate
39
Q

What happens if you puncture and drain a sub epiglottic cysts?

A

It will refill rapidly

40
Q

What is a two options for treatment for sub epiglottic cysts?

A

(1) Formalin injection

(2) Surgical excision

41
Q

If you remove too much sub-epiglottic tissue when you excise a sub epiglottic cyst, what does that put the horse at risk for?

A

DDSP

42
Q

With a surgical excision of a sub-epiglottic cyst, what do you administer post op?

A

IV dexamethasone, NSAIDs, and throat spray

43
Q

What does 4-BAD stand for?

A

4th branchial arch defects

44
Q

What are the 4 abnormalities that can exist in 4-BAD

A

(1) Lateral wings of the thyroid cartilage
(2) Crycoarytenoid articulation
(3) Crycothyroid
(4) Thyropharyngeus and cricopharynxgeus mm

45
Q

CS of 4-BAD are rare but they include…..

A

(1) collapse of soft tissues or cartilage -> exercise induced respiratory noise. Normal CAD but ineffective due to abnormal joint
(2) dysphagia might be present
(3) Chronic colic due to dysfunction of cranial esophageal sphincter

46
Q

How do you differentiate 4-BAD from LLH or chondrites?

A

4-BAD more commonly affects the right side while LLH or chondritis more commonly affects the left side

LASx Final (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions