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Animal Production > Swine Production > Flashcards

Swine Production Flashcards

1
Q

Gilt

A

a female pig that has not yet farrowed

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2
Q

Sow

A

a female that has farrowed at least once

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3
Q

Gestating Sow

A

a pregnant sow (not lactating)

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4
Q

Boar

A

an intact male pig, generally post-pubertal

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5
Q

Barrow

A

a castrated male pig

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6
Q

Piglet

A

a young pig, less than ~5 weeks of age, generally pre-weaning

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7
Q

Suckling pig

A

a piglet before weaning

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8
Q

weaner (weaned) pig

A

a pig recently weaned

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9
Q

Feeder pig

A

a pig old enough to enter the grower barn (25 kg)

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10
Q

Market pig

A

a pig large enough to be processed

- 115-125 kg live weight, 5-6 months of age

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11
Q

Gestate

A 
being pregnant (length 114-117 days) 
average is 115 days
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12
Q

Farrow

A

process of birthing

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13
Q

Wean

A

remove litter from dam, typically 3-4 weeks

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14
Q

Breeding herd

A

breeding/gestation/farrowing areas/animals

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15
Q

Feeding herd

A

nursery/grower/finishing areas/animals

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16
Q

Farrowing barn

A

where sows farrow and nurse their litters (3-4 weeks)

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17
Q

Nursery (weaner) barn

A

where pigs are raised after weaning (5-8 weeks)

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18
Q

Grow-finish barn

A

where pigs are raised after leaving the nursery and before marketing/slaughter (16-18 wks)

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19
Q

2 way crossbreds

A

A x B = AB

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20
Q

F1

A

a cross between 2 purebreds

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21
Q

3 way

A

AB x C

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22
Q

back cross

A

AB x B

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23
Q

synthetic lines

A

company proprietary lines made of multiple breeds, bred “pure” over many generations
A+B+C+D+E = line Syn
Syn x Syn = Syn

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24
Q

Pietrain

A

paternal line

pink with grey/brown spots

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25
Q

Duroc

A

paternal line

black hair, floppy ears

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26
Q

Hampshire

A

Pink strip along front legs

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27
Q

what are Paternal breeds selected for?

A

selected for growth, feed efficiency, carcass and meat quality

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28
Q

genetic pyramid

A

Genetic nucleus -> Production nucleus -> multiplication -> commercial

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29
Q

Genetic nucleus (GN)

A

genetic testing, maternal and paternal are both pure breeds that are bred for pure breeding. (Y x Y, DUR x DUR gilts and boars)

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30
Q

production nucleus (PN)

A

purebred female multiplication, linked to GN by semen and planned mating
AI stud

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31
Q

Multiplication

A

crossbred female multiplication, no genetic testing (LR x Y = YLR gilts)
AI stud

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32
Q

Commercial

A 
commercial production (YLR x DUR terminal sire)
AI stud
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33
Q

stages of production

A

breeding/gestation
farrowing
nursery
grow-finish

34
Q

what percentage of population is replaced in a commercial barn?

A

40-50%

35
Q

how many days in breeding and implantation

A

~35 days

36
Q

Days in gestation

A

~12 weeks

37
Q

days in farrowing

A

~4 weeks

38
Q

nursery

A

~6-8 weeks

39
Q

grower-finisher

A

~16 weeks

40
Q

Rendering

A 
a dead stock removal option. 
most common on large farms
communal = less biosecure 
rendered into 
meat and bone meal 
blood meal 
fats
41
Q

composting

A

dead stock removal.

  • effective in warm climates
  • composting piles or vessels
  • requires source of carbon and aeration
42
Q

incineration

A

dead stock removal.
less common, very biosecure
costly since uses diesel

43
Q

in barn storage pits

A

liquid manure storage

2-8 feet deep, storage for 2 weeks to 6 months

44
Q

long term liquid manure storage

A

concrete tanks
earthen manure storage (EMS)
- clay lined or plastic liners and covered in straw

45
Q

problem with liquid manure storage

A

noxious gasses

  • hydrogen sulfide
  • ammonia
46
Q

what is thie value of liquid manure application?

A

nitrogen fertilizer

47
Q

how long does lquid manure need to be stored?

A

400 days

48
Q

when can liquid manure be applied?

A

spring and/or fall

49
Q

what is the preferred method of application?

A

injection is preferred over surface or sprayed

50
Q

at what level is the slaughter process governed?

A

federally and provincially

51
Q

where is the identification tattoo placed on a pig?

A

left shoulder

52
Q

what are the 2 stunning methods for pigs?

A

electrocution or CO2

53
Q

what is the most common reason for hog condemnations?

A

all post mortem conditions

54
Q

list primary cuts

A

ham, loin, picnic, butt, belly

55
Q

what are common reasons for carcass condemnation

A

abscess, found dead, peritonitis, antemortem condemned, pneumonia, arthritis

56
Q

what are the 2 types of pig flow systems?

A

continuous flow, all in all out flow

57
Q

WHAT IS CONTINUOUS FLOW?

A

large airspace, comingled ages, multiple weeks of production in one room, pigs enter and exit airspace on weekly basis

58
Q

what is All-in-all out flow?

A

compartmentalized, usually 1 room per week of production, emptied and sanitized between batches, fundamental principle of health control

59
Q

what are the genetics of a farrow to finish operation

A

gilts/boar/semen

60
Q

sections of the farrow- to finish operation

A

breed-gestation, farrow, nursery, finisher

61
Q

where do the finished pigs go?

A

market hogs or breeding stock

62
Q

what is a two-site multiple source system

A

multiple breeding to nursery barns then auctioned to various finisher barns

63
Q

What is a two site single source system?

A

grow - finish or wean to finish

64
Q

what is a parity segregated system?

A

seperation of parity 1 progeny from parity 2+ progeny

65
Q

advantages of parity segregated system

A

improves the health status and performance of the nursery and finisher pigs

  • young sows she higher pathogen levels to their progeny
  • older sows produce higher quality colostrum following natural exposure and vaccination
66
Q

what is a must in parity segregation systems

A

must maintain separate NGF flows for slaughter progeny of P1 and P2+ sows

67
Q

can parity segregation system be used in small populations

A

only feasible in large systems

68
Q

what is the code on gestation stalls?

A

stalls can be used up to 28 days after the date of the last breeding and an additional period of up to 7 days is permitted.

69
Q

what is changing about the code in 2029?

A

mated gilts and sows must be housed in groups or in individual pens. no staying in stalls permanently

70
Q

what are the 2 ways that sows can be housed for gestation?

A

stalls or group pens

71
Q

what is stalled housiing?

A

single stalls adopted to reduce aggression and improve feeding consistency compared to group pens

72
Q

where geographically are stalls used the most?

A

north America

73
Q

where are gestationstalls banned?

A

banned in the EU after 35d gestation

74
Q

what is group housing?

A

group systems are numerous and variable

  • different sized group
  • feeding methods vary
  • dynamic vs static groups
75
Q

Disadvangages of group housing

A

aggression at mixing and feeding, more difficult to assess welfare

76
Q

what are the 5 requirements for the breeding herds?

A

1) freedom of movement
2) freedom from aggression
3) control over individual feed intake
4) provision of environmental enrichment
5) provision and layout of static space (ie floor plan)

77
Q

what are the advantages of increased movement?

A

increased muscle size and tone in group sows, shorter farrowing, lower culling rates

78
Q

when does aggression from group housed systems happen?

A

aggression follows re-grouping and feeding

79
Q

how to decrease aggression when feeding in group housing?

A

aggression tends to drop as feeding frequency increases

80
Q

floor feeding system

A

group housing feeding system

feed usually dropped 1-2 times per day

81
Q

walk in feed stalls

A

group feeding system

full sized feeding stalls in pens

82
Q

what is environmental enrichment?

A

straw or shaving for bedding

novel manipulation objects

Animal Production (2 decks)

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