Swine Production Flashcards
1
Q
Gilt
A
a female pig that has not yet farrowed
2
Q
Sow
A
a female that has farrowed at least once
3
Q
Gestating Sow
A
a pregnant sow (not lactating)
4
Q
Boar
A
an intact male pig, generally post-pubertal
5
Q
Barrow
A
a castrated male pig
6
Q
Piglet
A
a young pig, less than ~5 weeks of age, generally pre-weaning
7
Q
Suckling pig
A
a piglet before weaning
8
Q
weaner (weaned) pig
A
a pig recently weaned
9
Q
Feeder pig
A
a pig old enough to enter the grower barn (25 kg)
10
Q
Market pig
A
a pig large enough to be processed
- 115-125 kg live weight, 5-6 months of age
11
Q
Gestate
A
being pregnant (length 114-117 days) average is 115 days
12
Q
Farrow
A
process of birthing
13
Q
Wean
A
remove litter from dam, typically 3-4 weeks
14
Q
Breeding herd
A
breeding/gestation/farrowing areas/animals
15
Q
Feeding herd
A
nursery/grower/finishing areas/animals
16
Q
Farrowing barn
A
where sows farrow and nurse their litters (3-4 weeks)
17
Q
Nursery (weaner) barn
A
where pigs are raised after weaning (5-8 weeks)
18
Q
Grow-finish barn
A
where pigs are raised after leaving the nursery and before marketing/slaughter (16-18 wks)
19
Q
2 way crossbreds
A
A x B = AB
20
Q
F1
A
a cross between 2 purebreds
21
Q
3 way
A
AB x C
22
Q
back cross
A
AB x B
23
Q
synthetic lines
A
company proprietary lines made of multiple breeds, bred “pure” over many generations
A+B+C+D+E = line Syn
Syn x Syn = Syn
24
Q
Pietrain
A
paternal line
pink with grey/brown spots
25
Duroc
paternal line
| black hair, floppy ears
26
Hampshire
Pink strip along front legs
27
what are Paternal breeds selected for?
selected for growth, feed efficiency, carcass and meat quality
28
genetic pyramid
Genetic nucleus -> Production nucleus -> multiplication -> commercial
29
Genetic nucleus (GN)
genetic testing, maternal and paternal are both pure breeds that are bred for pure breeding. (Y x Y, DUR x DUR gilts and boars)
30
production nucleus (PN)
purebred female multiplication, linked to GN by semen and planned mating
AI stud
31
Multiplication
crossbred female multiplication, no genetic testing (LR x Y = YLR gilts)
AI stud
32
Commercial
```
commercial production (YLR x DUR terminal sire)
AI stud
```
33
stages of production
breeding/gestation
farrowing
nursery
grow-finish
34
what percentage of population is replaced in a commercial barn?
40-50%
35
how many days in breeding and implantation
~35 days
36
Days in gestation
~12 weeks
37
days in farrowing
~4 weeks
38
nursery
~6-8 weeks
39
grower-finisher
~16 weeks
40
Rendering
```
a dead stock removal option.
most common on large farms
communal = less biosecure
rendered into
meat and bone meal
blood meal
fats
```
41
composting
dead stock removal.
- effective in warm climates
- composting piles or vessels
- requires source of carbon and aeration
42
incineration
dead stock removal.
less common, very biosecure
costly since uses diesel
43
in barn storage pits
liquid manure storage
| 2-8 feet deep, storage for 2 weeks to 6 months
44
long term liquid manure storage
concrete tanks
earthen manure storage (EMS)
- clay lined or plastic liners and covered in straw
45
problem with liquid manure storage
noxious gasses
- hydrogen sulfide
- ammonia
46
what is thie value of liquid manure application?
nitrogen fertilizer
47
how long does lquid manure need to be stored?
400 days
48
when can liquid manure be applied?
spring and/or fall
49
what is the preferred method of application?
injection is preferred over surface or sprayed
50
at what level is the slaughter process governed?
federally and provincially
51
where is the identification tattoo placed on a pig?
left shoulder
52
what are the 2 stunning methods for pigs?
electrocution or CO2
53
what is the most common reason for hog condemnations?
all post mortem conditions
54
list primary cuts
ham, loin, picnic, butt, belly
55
what are common reasons for carcass condemnation
abscess, found dead, peritonitis, antemortem condemned, pneumonia, arthritis
56
what are the 2 types of pig flow systems?
continuous flow, all in all out flow
57
WHAT IS CONTINUOUS FLOW?
large airspace, comingled ages, multiple weeks of production in one room, pigs enter and exit airspace on weekly basis
58
what is All-in-all out flow?
compartmentalized, usually 1 room per week of production, emptied and sanitized between batches, fundamental principle of health control
59
what are the genetics of a farrow to finish operation
gilts/boar/semen
60
sections of the farrow- to finish operation
breed-gestation, farrow, nursery, finisher
61
where do the finished pigs go?
market hogs or breeding stock
62
what is a two-site multiple source system
multiple breeding to nursery barns then auctioned to various finisher barns
63
What is a two site single source system?
grow - finish or wean to finish
64
what is a parity segregated system?
seperation of parity 1 progeny from parity 2+ progeny
65
advantages of parity segregated system
improves the health status and performance of the nursery and finisher pigs
- young sows she higher pathogen levels to their progeny
- older sows produce higher quality colostrum following natural exposure and vaccination
66
what is a must in parity segregation systems
must maintain separate NGF flows for slaughter progeny of P1 and P2+ sows
67
can parity segregation system be used in small populations
only feasible in large systems
68
what is the code on gestation stalls?
stalls can be used up to 28 days after the date of the last breeding and an additional period of up to 7 days is permitted.
69
what is changing about the code in 2029?
mated gilts and sows must be housed in groups or in individual pens. no staying in stalls permanently
70
what are the 2 ways that sows can be housed for gestation?
stalls or group pens
71
what is stalled housiing?
single stalls adopted to reduce aggression and improve feeding consistency compared to group pens
72
where geographically are stalls used the most?
north America
73
where are gestationstalls banned?
banned in the EU after 35d gestation
74
what is group housing?
group systems are numerous and variable
- different sized group
- feeding methods vary
- dynamic vs static groups
75
Disadvangages of group housing
aggression at mixing and feeding, more difficult to assess welfare
76
what are the 5 requirements for the breeding herds?
1) freedom of movement
2) freedom from aggression
3) control over individual feed intake
4) provision of environmental enrichment
5) provision and layout of static space (ie floor plan)
77
what are the advantages of increased movement?
increased muscle size and tone in group sows, shorter farrowing, lower culling rates
78
when does aggression from group housed systems happen?
aggression follows re-grouping and feeding
79
how to decrease aggression when feeding in group housing?
aggression tends to drop as feeding frequency increases
80
floor feeding system
group housing feeding system
| feed usually dropped 1-2 times per day
81
walk in feed stalls
group feeding system
| full sized feeding stalls in pens
82
what is environmental enrichment?
straw or shaving for bedding
| novel manipulation objects
