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LA Pathology > Swine Path > Flashcards

Swine Path Flashcards

1
Q

Ages/Stages:

  • suckling:
  • nursery:
  • Grower/finisher:
  • Breeding/adult:
A
  • suckling: <2-3 weeks
  • nursery: ~1-2 months
  • Grower/finisher: 3-6 months
  • Breeding/adult: >6 months
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2
Q

Vegetative endocarditis Ddx (5)

A

E. rhusiopathiae, S. suis, E. coli, A. pyogenes, A. suis

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3
Q

Vegetative endocarditis sequelae

A

localized thrombosis, septic emboli, and abscessation or infarction of lungs, myocardium, kidneys, etc.

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4
Q

Vitamin E / Selenium Deficiency
• common name
• age range

A
  • “Mulberry heart disease”

* Pigs range from 3-7 weeks-of-age

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5
Q

Vitamin E / Selenium Deficiency

• Lesions

A

• Lesions consist of multifocal myocardial hemorrhage and necrosis, vascular fibrinoid necrosis (endothelial damage and thrombus formations)=dietary microangiopathy

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6
Q

Vitamin E / Selenium Deficiency

• DDx:

A

• DDx: EMCV; fetuses and neonates (PPV, PRRSV, PCV2)

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7
Q

Encephalomyocarditis virus
• Viral myocarditis caused by a _______
• 3 lesions seen
• Virus also causes: (3 diseases)

A
  • Viral myocarditis caused by a cardiovirus
  • Hydropericardium, hydrothorax, multifocal necrosis and mineralization, but no hemorrhage
  • Virus also causes non-suppurative encephalitis, necrotizing pancreatitis and TONSILLITIS
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8
Q

2 other causes of cardiac necrosis

A 
•  Foot and mouth disease
–  Can cause myocardial degeneration and necrosis 
– Generally WITHOUT vesicular lesions
•  Gossypol toxicity
– Necrosis and mineralization
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9
Q

Fibrinous epicarditis and pericarditis

• DDx: (5)

A

Fibrinous epicarditis and pericarditis

• DDx: H. parasuis, S. suis, M. hyorhinis, E. coli, A. suis

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10
Q

Parasitic myocarditis

2 causes

A

Parasitic myocarditis
• Cysticercus cellulosae
• Trichinella spp.

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11
Q

Ulceration of the pars-esophagea

• Risk factors include: (6)

A 
Ulceration of the pars-esophagea
•  Risk factors include:
– Gender (barrows)
–  Genotype
– Season (summer)
– High carbohydrate diet with fermentative commensals (Lactobacillus and Bacillus spp.)
– Anorexia (concurrent disease) 
– Spirochetal organisms and/or Helicobacter
heilmannii
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12
Q

Ulceration of the pars-esophagea
• 4 clinical signs
- one sign specifically seen on necropsy

A
  • weak, dead, anemic, pale

- watery blood on necropsy

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13
Q

Tongue Parasites: (3)

A
  • Sarcocystis spp.
  • Trichinella spirali (zoonotic)
  • Gongylonema spp. (also in esophagus) (ribbon candy worm)
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14
Q

Intestinal parasites: (6)

A 
Intestinal parasites
•  Ascaris suis : luminal white round nematodes --> causes obstruction --> possible rupture --> fibrinous peritonitis
•  Globocephalus spp.: hookworm 
•  Tricuris sp.: whipworms
•  Strongyloides stercoralis
•  Cestodes (Taenia)
•  Acanthocephalans: thorny-headed worm 
•  Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus
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15
Q

Liver parasites

  • Nematodes (2)
  • Trematodes (2)
A 
Liver parasites
•  Ascaris suum
•  Stephanurus dentatus (liver and kidney) 
Trematodes
•  Dicroelium dendriticum 
•  Opisthorchis tenuicolis
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16
Q

Ascaris suum

- lesion

A

• Ascaris suum
• Larval migrans – ‘milk spots’ of chronic
interstitial hepatitis (with fibrous scars) (liver)

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17
Q

Cestodes

  • pig is a ____ host
  • 2 types (adult form and larval form)
A
  • pig is an intermediate host
  • Taenia solium –> Cysticercus cellulosae
  • Taenia hydatigena –> tenuicollis
18
Q

Atresia ani/atresia coli

  • caused by?
  • lead to (3)
A
  • lack of epithelial development –> segmental atresia of bowel
  • obstruction, megacolon, distended abdomen
19
Q

Rectal stricture causes(3)

A

Causes:
- Salmonella infection
– Wounds
– Vascular injuries

20
Q

Rectal prolapse causes (3)

A

• Causes: anything that increases GI motility, trauma, tail docking

21
Q 
Iron Deficiency Anemia
•  Cause
•  Typically anemia is seen when?
•  Treatment: 
– Can cause \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ in suckling pigs
A

Iron Deficiency Anemia
• Piglets are born with limited amounts of iron
• Typically anemia is seen at about a week
• Treatment: iron dextran
– Can cause hepatic necrosis and mortality in suckling pigs

22
Q

Inguinal/scrotal hernia
• predispositions/signalment
• caused by:
• genetic?

A

Inguinal/scrotal hernia
• Male>female, left>right (unilateral)
• Weakness of the tunica vaginalis, May have scrotal/ intestinal infarction
• Polygenic mechanism

23
Q

Ovarian follicular cysts
• Small cysts produce _______ and lead to _______
• Large cysts produce _______ and lead to _______

A

Ovarian follicular cysts
• Small cysts produce estrogen –> nymphomania
• Large cysts produce progesterone –> inhibit estrous cyclicity

24
Q 
Estrogenic Mycotoxins
Reproductive failure
•  name of the mycotoxin
–  Found in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
–  Sequelae (3)
–  Luteotropic activity induces \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ or \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
A

Estrogenic Mycotoxins
Reproductive failure
• Zeralenone (Fusarium roseum)
– Found in moldy corn
– Causes vulvar swelling (edema) with resultant vulvovaginitis
– Leads to vaginal and rectal prolapse
– Luteotropic activity induces anaestrus or pseudopregnancy

25
Q

Reproductive failure
• Synonymous with (3)
• Major cause of _______
• Compare failure at different times during gestation (breeding/early gestation, mid-gestation, last third of gestation

A

Reproductive failure
• Synonymous with failure of conception, early embryonic death, abortion
• Major cause of economic loss
• In cases of failure during breeding and early gestation, embryos or very small fetuses are rarely available for examination and have few lesions
• Mid-gestational failure often results in mummification, typically with few lesions
• Fetus abortion in the last third of gestation rarely have lesions, and lesions that are present are generally non-specific

26
Q

Viral causes of Reproductive failure (2) and what is seen in the fetuses

A

Viral causes
• Herpes virus
• Fetus with multifocal necrotizing hepatitis

  • Parvovirus:
  • SMEDI (sterile) (still birth, mummification, embryonic death, infertility); fetus have multifocal necrotizing lesions
27
Q

Porcine Respiratory and Reproductive Syndrome (PRRS)
• virus
• Abortions occur when?

A

Porcine Respiratory and Reproductive Syndrome (PRRS)
• Arterivirus
• Abortions around day 109-140 of gestation
• Characteristic but inconsistent umbilical lesion: necrotizing vasculitis/arteritis causing umbilical edema and hemorrhage
• Fetuses generally of same size, some showing mild autolytic changes

28
Q

Bacterial causes of Reproductive failure (2)

A
  • Brucella suis

* Leptospira pomona

29
Q

Brucella suis lesions
• Sow:
• Boar:

A 
•  Brucelles suis (zoonotic)
•  Sow: multifocal caseous necrosis, milliary
granulomas in the endometrium 
•  Lesions also in bone and joints
•  Boar: necrotizing orchitis •
30
Q

Leptospira pomona lesions
• localizes in the _____ and leads to _______________
• Fetus:

A

Leptospira pomona
• localizes in the kidney –> septicemia –> abortion
• Fetus: ascites and fibrinous peritonitis

31
Q

• Pyrrolizidine alkaloids
– Metabolized by
– Gross:
– Histo:

A

• Pyrrolizidine alkaloids
– Metabolized by p450 into pyrrolic esters –> react with
cellular proteins and nucleic acids
– Gross: hepatic fibrosis
– Histo: megalocytosis (result of antimitotic effect)

32
Q

Aflatoxins lesions

A

Aflatoxins

– Hemorrhagic midzonal degeneration and necrosis in liver

33
Q

Ca+ / P+ imbalance
• Phosphorus deficiency can cause (3)
• Imbalance can cause ______ in young pigs, _________ in mature pigs
• _____________ seen in sows with large litters
• Gross lesion:

A

Ca+ / P+ imbalance
• Phosphorus deficiency can cause pica, reproduction deficiencies, and growth deficiencies
• Imbalance can cause rickets in young pigs, osteomalacia in mature pigs
• Posterior paralysis in sows with large litters
• Ricketic rosary

34
Q

Porcine stress syndrome
• causes
• Genetic?

A

Porcine stress syndrome
• Malignant hyperthermia
• Inherited autosomal recessive trait: genetic defect in
the activity of the ryanodine receptor

35
Q

Porcine stress syndrome
• Affected pigs have what type of posture?
• How do Muscles appear?
• Microscopic changes include _____________

A
  • Affected pigs have tetany, “dog sitting” posture, rigid forelimbs
  • Muscles are pale pink, moist, swollen, appear “cooked”
  • Microscopic changes include acute myonecrosis
36
Q

Porcine Respiratory and Reproductive Syndrome (PRRS)
• Characteristic but inconsistent umbilical lesion:
• What is seen in the fetuses

A
  • Characteristic but inconsistent umbilical lesion: necrotizing vasculitis/arteritis causing umbilical edema and hemorrhage
  • Fetuses generally of same size, some showing mild autolytic changes
37
Q 
Salt Toxicity
•  Usually due to?
•  Causes what type of signs?
•  Typically in what age group?
•  Ddx: (3)
A

Salt Toxicity
• Due to water deprivation
• Causes CNS signs, eosinophilic meningitis
• Typically in weanling pigs
• Carbon Dioxide – Heavier than air – Poor ventilation
• Ddx: Streptococcus sp., pseudorabies, edema disease

38
Q

What is a very deadly gas that commonly has caused death of people who enter waste pits of swine?

A

Hydrogen Sulfide

39
Q 
Hepatosis dietetica
•  Main sequelae
•  common age group
•  pathogenesis
•  May be precipitated by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
A

Hepatosis dietetica
• Acute hepatic necrosis
• Young, rapidly growing pigs
• Inadequate dietary protein, vitamin E and/or selenium to antagonize free radicals –> oxidative stress –> necrosis
• May be precipitated by stressful conditions

40
Q

Hepatosis dietetica
• Affected pigs have ______ body condition with what characteristics of the liver?
• Other signs seen internally?(2)

A

Hepatosis dietetica
• Affected pigs have good body condition with massive
hepatic necrosis, often with yellow fat
• Pale streaks on the myocardium with pulmonary edema

LA Pathology (3 decks)

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