Swine Path Flashcards by Madi Berger

Ages/Stages:

suckling:
nursery:
Grower/finisher:
Breeding/adult:

suckling: <2-3 weeks
nursery: ~1-2 months
Grower/finisher: 3-6 months
Breeding/adult: >6 months

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Vegetative endocarditis Ddx (5)

E. rhusiopathiae, S. suis, E. coli, A. pyogenes, A. suis

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Vegetative endocarditis sequelae

localized thrombosis, septic emboli, and abscessation or infarction of lungs, myocardium, kidneys, etc.

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Vitamin E / Selenium Deficiency
• common name
• age range

“Mulberry heart disease”

* Pigs range from 3-7 weeks-of-age

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Vitamin E / Selenium Deficiency

• Lesions

• Lesions consist of multifocal myocardial hemorrhage and necrosis, vascular fibrinoid necrosis (endothelial damage and thrombus formations)=dietary microangiopathy

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Vitamin E / Selenium Deficiency

• DDx:

• DDx: EMCV; fetuses and neonates (PPV, PRRSV, PCV2)

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Encephalomyocarditis virus
• Viral myocarditis caused by a _______
• 3 lesions seen
• Virus also causes: (3 diseases)

Viral myocarditis caused by a cardiovirus
Hydropericardium, hydrothorax, multifocal necrosis and mineralization, but no hemorrhage
Virus also causes non-suppurative encephalitis, necrotizing pancreatitis and TONSILLITIS

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2 other causes of cardiac necrosis

•  Foot and mouth disease
–  Can cause myocardial degeneration and necrosis 
– Generally WITHOUT vesicular lesions
•  Gossypol toxicity
– Necrosis and mineralization

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Fibrinous epicarditis and pericarditis

• DDx: (5)

Fibrinous epicarditis and pericarditis

• DDx: H. parasuis, S. suis, M. hyorhinis, E. coli, A. suis

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Parasitic myocarditis

2 causes

Parasitic myocarditis
• Cysticercus cellulosae
• Trichinella spp.

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Ulceration of the pars-esophagea

• Risk factors include: (6)

Ulceration of the pars-esophagea
•  Risk factors include:
– Gender (barrows)
–  Genotype
– Season (summer)
– High carbohydrate diet with fermentative commensals (Lactobacillus and Bacillus spp.)
– Anorexia (concurrent disease) 
– Spirochetal organisms and/or Helicobacter
heilmannii

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Ulceration of the pars-esophagea
• 4 clinical signs
- one sign specifically seen on necropsy

weak, dead, anemic, pale

- watery blood on necropsy

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Tongue Parasites: (3)

Sarcocystis spp.
Trichinella spirali (zoonotic)
Gongylonema spp. (also in esophagus) (ribbon candy worm)

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Intestinal parasites: (6)

Intestinal parasites
•  Ascaris suis : luminal white round nematodes --> causes obstruction --> possible rupture --> fibrinous peritonitis
•  Globocephalus spp.: hookworm 
•  Tricuris sp.: whipworms
•  Strongyloides stercoralis
•  Cestodes (Taenia)
•  Acanthocephalans: thorny-headed worm 
•  Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus

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Liver parasites

Nematodes (2)
Trematodes (2)

Liver parasites
•  Ascaris suum
•  Stephanurus dentatus (liver and kidney) 
Trematodes
•  Dicroelium dendriticum 
•  Opisthorchis tenuicolis

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Ascaris suum

- lesion

• Ascaris suum
• Larval migrans – ‘milk spots’ of chronic
interstitial hepatitis (with fibrous scars) (liver)

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Cestodes

pig is a ____ host
2 types (adult form and larval form)

pig is an intermediate host
Taenia solium –> Cysticercus cellulosae
Taenia hydatigena –> tenuicollis

Atresia ani/atresia coli

caused by?
lead to (3)

lack of epithelial development –> segmental atresia of bowel
obstruction, megacolon, distended abdomen

Rectal stricture causes(3)

Causes:
- Salmonella infection
– Wounds
– Vascular injuries

Rectal prolapse causes (3)

• Causes: anything that increases GI motility, trauma, tail docking

Iron Deficiency Anemia
•  Cause
•  Typically anemia is seen when?
•  Treatment: 
– Can cause \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ in suckling pigs

Iron Deficiency Anemia
• Piglets are born with limited amounts of iron
• Typically anemia is seen at about a week
• Treatment: iron dextran
– Can cause hepatic necrosis and mortality in suckling pigs

Inguinal/scrotal hernia
• predispositions/signalment
• caused by:
• genetic?

Inguinal/scrotal hernia
• Male>female, left>right (unilateral)
• Weakness of the tunica vaginalis, May have scrotal/ intestinal infarction
• Polygenic mechanism

Ovarian follicular cysts
• Small cysts produce _______ and lead to _______
• Large cysts produce _______ and lead to _______

Ovarian follicular cysts
• Small cysts produce estrogen –> nymphomania
• Large cysts produce progesterone –> inhibit estrous cyclicity

Estrogenic Mycotoxins
Reproductive failure
•  name of the mycotoxin
–  Found in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
–  Sequelae (3)
–  Luteotropic activity induces \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ or \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Estrogenic Mycotoxins
Reproductive failure
• Zeralenone (Fusarium roseum)
– Found in moldy corn
– Causes vulvar swelling (edema) with resultant vulvovaginitis
– Leads to vaginal and rectal prolapse
– Luteotropic activity induces anaestrus or pseudopregnancy

Reproductive failure • Synonymous with (3) • Major cause of _______ • Compare failure at different times during gestation (breeding/early gestation, mid-gestation, last third of gestation

Reproductive failure • Synonymous with failure of conception, early embryonic death, abortion • Major cause of economic loss • In cases of failure during breeding and early gestation, embryos or very small fetuses are rarely available for examination and have few lesions • Mid-gestational failure often results in mummification, typically with few lesions • Fetus abortion in the last third of gestation rarely have lesions, and lesions that are present are generally non-specific

Viral causes of Reproductive failure (2) and what is seen in the fetuses

Viral causes • Herpes virus • Fetus with multifocal necrotizing hepatitis * Parvovirus: * SMEDI (sterile) (still birth, mummification, embryonic death, infertility); fetus have multifocal necrotizing lesions

Porcine Respiratory and Reproductive Syndrome (PRRS) • virus • Abortions occur when?

Porcine Respiratory and Reproductive Syndrome (PRRS) • Arterivirus • Abortions around day 109-140 of gestation • Characteristic but inconsistent umbilical lesion: necrotizing vasculitis/arteritis causing umbilical edema and hemorrhage • Fetuses generally of same size, some showing mild autolytic changes

Bacterial causes of Reproductive failure (2)

* Brucella suis | * Leptospira pomona

Brucella suis lesions • Sow: • Boar:

``` • Brucelles suis (zoonotic) • Sow: multifocal caseous necrosis, milliary granulomas in the endometrium • Lesions also in bone and joints • Boar: necrotizing orchitis • ```

Leptospira pomona lesions • localizes in the _____ and leads to _______________ • Fetus:

Leptospira pomona • localizes in the kidney --> septicemia --> abortion • Fetus: ascites and fibrinous peritonitis

• Pyrrolizidine alkaloids – Metabolized by – Gross: – Histo:

• Pyrrolizidine alkaloids – Metabolized by p450 into pyrrolic esters --> react with cellular proteins and nucleic acids – Gross: hepatic fibrosis – Histo: megalocytosis (result of antimitotic effect)

Aflatoxins lesions

Aflatoxins | – Hemorrhagic midzonal degeneration and necrosis in liver

Ca+ / P+ imbalance • Phosphorus deficiency can cause (3) • Imbalance can cause ______ in young pigs, _________ in mature pigs • _____________ seen in sows with large litters • Gross lesion:

Ca+ / P+ imbalance • Phosphorus deficiency can cause pica, reproduction deficiencies, and growth deficiencies • Imbalance can cause rickets in young pigs, osteomalacia in mature pigs • Posterior paralysis in sows with large litters • Ricketic rosary

Porcine stress syndrome • causes • Genetic?

Porcine stress syndrome • Malignant hyperthermia • Inherited autosomal recessive trait: genetic defect in the activity of the ryanodine receptor

Porcine stress syndrome • Affected pigs have what type of posture? • How do Muscles appear? • Microscopic changes include _____________

* Affected pigs have tetany, “dog sitting” posture, rigid forelimbs * Muscles are pale pink, moist, swollen, appear “cooked” * Microscopic changes include acute myonecrosis

Porcine Respiratory and Reproductive Syndrome (PRRS) • Characteristic but inconsistent umbilical lesion: • What is seen in the fetuses

* Characteristic but inconsistent umbilical lesion: necrotizing vasculitis/arteritis causing umbilical edema and hemorrhage * Fetuses generally of same size, some showing mild autolytic changes

``` Salt Toxicity • Usually due to? • Causes what type of signs? • Typically in what age group? • Ddx: (3) ```

Salt Toxicity • Due to water deprivation • Causes CNS signs, eosinophilic meningitis • Typically in weanling pigs • Carbon Dioxide – Heavier than air – Poor ventilation • Ddx: Streptococcus sp., pseudorabies, edema disease

What is a very deadly gas that commonly has caused death of people who enter waste pits of swine?

Hydrogen Sulfide

``` Hepatosis dietetica • Main sequelae • common age group • pathogenesis • May be precipitated by __________ ```

Hepatosis dietetica • Acute hepatic necrosis • Young, rapidly growing pigs • Inadequate dietary protein, vitamin E and/or selenium to antagonize free radicals --> oxidative stress --> necrosis • May be precipitated by stressful conditions

Hepatosis dietetica • Affected pigs have ______ body condition with what characteristics of the liver? • Other signs seen internally?(2)

Hepatosis dietetica • Affected pigs have good body condition with massive hepatic necrosis, often with yellow fat • Pale streaks on the myocardium with pulmonary edema