Swine Path Flashcards
Ages/Stages:
- suckling:
- nursery:
- Grower/finisher:
- Breeding/adult:
- suckling: <2-3 weeks
- nursery: ~1-2 months
- Grower/finisher: 3-6 months
- Breeding/adult: >6 months
Vegetative endocarditis Ddx (5)
E. rhusiopathiae, S. suis, E. coli, A. pyogenes, A. suis
Vegetative endocarditis sequelae
localized thrombosis, septic emboli, and abscessation or infarction of lungs, myocardium, kidneys, etc.
Vitamin E / Selenium Deficiency
• common name
• age range
- “Mulberry heart disease”
* Pigs range from 3-7 weeks-of-age
Vitamin E / Selenium Deficiency
• Lesions
• Lesions consist of multifocal myocardial hemorrhage and necrosis, vascular fibrinoid necrosis (endothelial damage and thrombus formations)=dietary microangiopathy
Vitamin E / Selenium Deficiency
• DDx:
• DDx: EMCV; fetuses and neonates (PPV, PRRSV, PCV2)
Encephalomyocarditis virus
• Viral myocarditis caused by a _______
• 3 lesions seen
• Virus also causes: (3 diseases)
- Viral myocarditis caused by a cardiovirus
- Hydropericardium, hydrothorax, multifocal necrosis and mineralization, but no hemorrhage
- Virus also causes non-suppurative encephalitis, necrotizing pancreatitis and TONSILLITIS
2 other causes of cardiac necrosis
• Foot and mouth disease – Can cause myocardial degeneration and necrosis – Generally WITHOUT vesicular lesions • Gossypol toxicity – Necrosis and mineralization
Fibrinous epicarditis and pericarditis
• DDx: (5)
Fibrinous epicarditis and pericarditis
• DDx: H. parasuis, S. suis, M. hyorhinis, E. coli, A. suis
Parasitic myocarditis
2 causes
Parasitic myocarditis
• Cysticercus cellulosae
• Trichinella spp.
Ulceration of the pars-esophagea
• Risk factors include: (6)
Ulceration of the pars-esophagea • Risk factors include: – Gender (barrows) – Genotype – Season (summer) – High carbohydrate diet with fermentative commensals (Lactobacillus and Bacillus spp.) – Anorexia (concurrent disease) – Spirochetal organisms and/or Helicobacter heilmannii
Ulceration of the pars-esophagea
• 4 clinical signs
- one sign specifically seen on necropsy
- weak, dead, anemic, pale
- watery blood on necropsy
Tongue Parasites: (3)
- Sarcocystis spp.
- Trichinella spirali (zoonotic)
- Gongylonema spp. (also in esophagus) (ribbon candy worm)
Intestinal parasites: (6)
Intestinal parasites • Ascaris suis : luminal white round nematodes --> causes obstruction --> possible rupture --> fibrinous peritonitis • Globocephalus spp.: hookworm • Tricuris sp.: whipworms • Strongyloides stercoralis • Cestodes (Taenia) • Acanthocephalans: thorny-headed worm • Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus
Liver parasites
- Nematodes (2)
- Trematodes (2)
Liver parasites • Ascaris suum • Stephanurus dentatus (liver and kidney) Trematodes • Dicroelium dendriticum • Opisthorchis tenuicolis
Ascaris suum
- lesion
• Ascaris suum
• Larval migrans – ‘milk spots’ of chronic
interstitial hepatitis (with fibrous scars) (liver)
Cestodes
- pig is a ____ host
- 2 types (adult form and larval form)
- pig is an intermediate host
- Taenia solium –> Cysticercus cellulosae
- Taenia hydatigena –> tenuicollis
Atresia ani/atresia coli
- caused by?
- lead to (3)
- lack of epithelial development –> segmental atresia of bowel
- obstruction, megacolon, distended abdomen
Rectal stricture causes(3)
Causes:
- Salmonella infection
– Wounds
– Vascular injuries
Rectal prolapse causes (3)
• Causes: anything that increases GI motility, trauma, tail docking
Iron Deficiency Anemia • Cause • Typically anemia is seen when? • Treatment: – Can cause \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ in suckling pigs
Iron Deficiency Anemia
• Piglets are born with limited amounts of iron
• Typically anemia is seen at about a week
• Treatment: iron dextran
– Can cause hepatic necrosis and mortality in suckling pigs
Inguinal/scrotal hernia
• predispositions/signalment
• caused by:
• genetic?
Inguinal/scrotal hernia
• Male>female, left>right (unilateral)
• Weakness of the tunica vaginalis, May have scrotal/ intestinal infarction
• Polygenic mechanism
Ovarian follicular cysts
• Small cysts produce _______ and lead to _______
• Large cysts produce _______ and lead to _______
Ovarian follicular cysts
• Small cysts produce estrogen –> nymphomania
• Large cysts produce progesterone –> inhibit estrous cyclicity
Estrogenic Mycotoxins Reproductive failure • name of the mycotoxin – Found in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ – Sequelae (3) – Luteotropic activity induces \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ or \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Estrogenic Mycotoxins
Reproductive failure
• Zeralenone (Fusarium roseum)
– Found in moldy corn
– Causes vulvar swelling (edema) with resultant vulvovaginitis
– Leads to vaginal and rectal prolapse
– Luteotropic activity induces anaestrus or pseudopregnancy
Reproductive failure
• Synonymous with (3)
• Major cause of _______
• Compare failure at different times during gestation (breeding/early gestation, mid-gestation, last third of gestation
Reproductive failure
• Synonymous with failure of conception, early embryonic death, abortion
• Major cause of economic loss
• In cases of failure during breeding and early gestation, embryos or very small fetuses are rarely available for examination and have few lesions
• Mid-gestational failure often results in mummification, typically with few lesions
• Fetus abortion in the last third of gestation rarely have lesions, and lesions that are present are generally non-specific
Viral causes of Reproductive failure (2) and what is seen in the fetuses
Viral causes
• Herpes virus
• Fetus with multifocal necrotizing hepatitis
- Parvovirus:
- SMEDI (sterile) (still birth, mummification, embryonic death, infertility); fetus have multifocal necrotizing lesions
Porcine Respiratory and Reproductive Syndrome (PRRS)
• virus
• Abortions occur when?
Porcine Respiratory and Reproductive Syndrome (PRRS)
• Arterivirus
• Abortions around day 109-140 of gestation
• Characteristic but inconsistent umbilical lesion: necrotizing vasculitis/arteritis causing umbilical edema and hemorrhage
• Fetuses generally of same size, some showing mild autolytic changes
Bacterial causes of Reproductive failure (2)
- Brucella suis
* Leptospira pomona
Brucella suis lesions
• Sow:
• Boar:
• Brucelles suis (zoonotic) • Sow: multifocal caseous necrosis, milliary granulomas in the endometrium • Lesions also in bone and joints • Boar: necrotizing orchitis •
Leptospira pomona lesions
• localizes in the _____ and leads to _______________
• Fetus:
Leptospira pomona
• localizes in the kidney –> septicemia –> abortion
• Fetus: ascites and fibrinous peritonitis
• Pyrrolizidine alkaloids
– Metabolized by
– Gross:
– Histo:
• Pyrrolizidine alkaloids
– Metabolized by p450 into pyrrolic esters –> react with
cellular proteins and nucleic acids
– Gross: hepatic fibrosis
– Histo: megalocytosis (result of antimitotic effect)
Aflatoxins lesions
Aflatoxins
– Hemorrhagic midzonal degeneration and necrosis in liver
Ca+ / P+ imbalance
• Phosphorus deficiency can cause (3)
• Imbalance can cause ______ in young pigs, _________ in mature pigs
• _____________ seen in sows with large litters
• Gross lesion:
Ca+ / P+ imbalance
• Phosphorus deficiency can cause pica, reproduction deficiencies, and growth deficiencies
• Imbalance can cause rickets in young pigs, osteomalacia in mature pigs
• Posterior paralysis in sows with large litters
• Ricketic rosary
Porcine stress syndrome
• causes
• Genetic?
Porcine stress syndrome
• Malignant hyperthermia
• Inherited autosomal recessive trait: genetic defect in
the activity of the ryanodine receptor
Porcine stress syndrome
• Affected pigs have what type of posture?
• How do Muscles appear?
• Microscopic changes include _____________
- Affected pigs have tetany, “dog sitting” posture, rigid forelimbs
- Muscles are pale pink, moist, swollen, appear “cooked”
- Microscopic changes include acute myonecrosis
Porcine Respiratory and Reproductive Syndrome (PRRS)
• Characteristic but inconsistent umbilical lesion:
• What is seen in the fetuses
- Characteristic but inconsistent umbilical lesion: necrotizing vasculitis/arteritis causing umbilical edema and hemorrhage
- Fetuses generally of same size, some showing mild autolytic changes
Salt Toxicity • Usually due to? • Causes what type of signs? • Typically in what age group? • Ddx: (3)
Salt Toxicity
• Due to water deprivation
• Causes CNS signs, eosinophilic meningitis
• Typically in weanling pigs
• Carbon Dioxide – Heavier than air – Poor ventilation
• Ddx: Streptococcus sp., pseudorabies, edema disease
What is a very deadly gas that commonly has caused death of people who enter waste pits of swine?
Hydrogen Sulfide
Hepatosis dietetica • Main sequelae • common age group • pathogenesis • May be precipitated by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Hepatosis dietetica
• Acute hepatic necrosis
• Young, rapidly growing pigs
• Inadequate dietary protein, vitamin E and/or selenium to antagonize free radicals –> oxidative stress –> necrosis
• May be precipitated by stressful conditions
Hepatosis dietetica
• Affected pigs have ______ body condition with what characteristics of the liver?
• Other signs seen internally?(2)
Hepatosis dietetica
• Affected pigs have good body condition with massive
hepatic necrosis, often with yellow fat
• Pale streaks on the myocardium with pulmonary edema
