swine Lab Practical Flashcards
Rattle paddle
Hit on rump or shoulder, has noise
Snare
Way to immobilize the pig
Use to check individual pigs
Place inside mouth of pig past the teeth and tightened onto snout
Rattle jug
Makes noise
Pigs move away from it
Flight zone
Area pig is comfortable having a person around, when flight zone is entered pig will move
Blind spot
Area of pig where they cannot see you, you could startle the pig
Point of balance
Area across pigs shoulders and when approached from behind, the pig moves forward
If approached from the front, the pig will move backward
A way to steer the pig
Pig hurdle
Used to block an area where pig should not go, it will be in pigs flight zone so it will move away from it
Slap stick
Flexible syringe
Gives extended injection
Shoulder is preferred location
Ham injection
Can sneak up to give, lowers quality
Won’t stay in herd long so its okay
Boar exposure
“Boer effect”
Stimulates release of GnRH, jumpstart cycling
Run boar outside pen twice a day
70-80% of gilts show estrus twice a day in 28 days
Also works with weaned sows
Pre-pubertal gilts
PG600-> jumpstart LH and FSH
Injection of ECG and hCG
80% of gilts show estrus 5-10 days after injection
Cycling females
Matrix- oral progesterone
Feed for 14 days
80-90% of mature sows and gilts display estrus 4-9 days after removal
Very expensive, 6.8mL/pig/ day
Group weaning
Wean all piglets at once
Removes inhibition on GnRH
90% of weaned sows display estrus within 10 days after removal
Standing heat
Vulva swells and reddens (day before or so)
Attempt to mount other pigs
In heat for 2-3 days and ovulate 12 hours before end of standing heat
Breed 12 hours after first heat detection and every 12 hours until no longer stands
Use boar by pen to see sow responses
Use spray that mimic boar effect
Visual appraisal for replacement gilts
Feet and leg soundness- important, spend most of time checking
Underline soundness
External genitalia
Growth
Backfat
Feet
The larger the better
Large toe size
No cracked hooves or foot pad abrasions
Toe sizes should not differ by more than 1/2 inch
Front leg
Do not want straight fronted or upright, walk like no elbows
Do not want tipped too far over
Cull buck kneed- difficult time walking and getting up and down
Soft and weak Pasterns preferred, + impacts longevity
Rear leg
Do not want straight or upright
Do not want gilt/ sow to appear steep/ high topped
Do not want them to appear to be walking on tiptoes/ stiff-legged
Avoid sickle hock
Normal= slightly behind line
Feet and legs
Want good base width, hip and base width equal
Splay footed
Toes point outward
Pigeon toed
Toes pointed inward
Cow hocked
Hocks almost touching
Could give narrow base
Underline soundness
Screen at birth,weaning, and selection
6 functional nipples each side with adequate spacing= good
>7 function nipples each side with adequate spacing= excellent
External genitalia
Vulva
Avoid/ cull gilts with small vulva, could have difficulty getting bred or during farrowing
Avoid/ cull gilts with tipped up vulva, could lead to higher incidence of metritis and cystitis
Replacement gilt growth
Should be in the fastest growing 50% of group
Growth= weight= sooner onset of puberty= bred earlier
Backfat of replacement gilts
Level of Backfat is farm specific and may change due to genetics, environment, and end market
Evaluate using genetics, ultrasound, BCS
Semen evaluation
Good quality boar semen essential to obtain satisfactory fertility rates
Appearance= milky to creamy consistency
Color= gray to white
Total sperm numbers= >15 x 10^9
Gross motility= >70%
Abnormal morphology= <20%
Cytoplasmic droplets= <15%
Most common sperm abnormalities
Coiled tail and double tail
What does it mean when you have a large percent of sperm in an ejaculate that have cytoplasmic droplet attached to them? How would you fix this problem fix you owned the boar
A large percent of cytoplasmic droplets attached to the sperm shows that the boar is being overused and the sperm doesn’t have enough time to completely develop. This can be fixed by ejaculating him less to by getting new, younger boar
Uterus
Site for sperm to reach oviduct
Ovary
Produce progesterone and estrogen
Cervix
Where insemination takes place
Vagina
Passageway for piglets at birth
Oviduct
Site of fertilization
Spirette
Most common
Counterclockwise to insert, clockwise to remove
Foam catheter
Push until pops in, then pull out
Gilt catheter
More narrow tip, easier for smaller tract
Push and lock in
PCAI (post cervial) catheter
Slide catheter though to get further in for increases success
OvuGel
GnRH agonist
Stimulates release of LH
Induces ovulation 40-48 hours after treatment
Labeled for weaned sows
Typical swine diets
Most components are grain (can have more concentrates b/c nonruminant stomach)
Mineral and vitamin supplements
Eat little roughage
Energy
Carbs
-corn
-barley
-sorghum
-wheat
-cotton
-oats
Can use multiple mixed
Corn
High in starch= high digest ability
Low in fiber
High palatability
7-9% protein (low)
Should be fed as ground corn
Protein
Soybeans
Fish meal
Blood meal
Peanut meal
Canola meal
Dried milk/ milk replacer
Soybean
Soybean meal
-ground residue remaining after oil removed
High palatability
41-50%
Meets EAA requirement
DDGs
Distiller dried grains w/ solubles
Ethanol removed via fermentation w/ yeast using condensation
Dry at least 75% of resultant
Energy value similar to corn
Higher protein than corn
Dicalcium phosphate
Gray granular rocks
Calciu + phosphorous
Structural development and bone strength
Copper sulfate
Blue and crystal
Growth and development
Increase growth performance of nursery pigs
Nursery temperatures
Sow need it cool (65 F) and piglets need it hot (85 F)
Accomplished through zone heating, room temp set at what sow needs and piglets get supplemental heat in form of heat lamb or heat pad (should be placed to sides and behind sow)
Piglet processing
Needle teeth clipping- do to reduce pigs cutting up sow udder
Tail docking- do to reduce tail biting, dock one inch away from end
Iron injection- prevents anemia in pigs (one 200 mg injection or 2 100 mg injection) insert into neck
Piglet identification- ear notching
Castration- uncastrated males at slaughter have boar taint, do at 4-14 days old
Litter #
Right ear
Individual #
Left ear
Market hog evaluation
Muscle
Leanness
Growth
Volume
Soundness
Carcass merit
Endpoint of animal is based upon this
Based on animal/ carcass weight, quality of lean, and quantity of lean
Ultrasound placement
Over the 10th rib is best
-also find last rib and elbow pocket and probe halfway through
Boston butt
8% of carcass
Loin
18% of carcass
Ham
24% of carcass
Belly
19% of carcass
Picnic
9% of carcass
Dressing percentage
Hot carcass/ live weight x100
Decreases: mud/ manure on skin, gut fail, abscesses and excessive bruising
Increases:empty digestive, excessively fat animals
72% is avg
Cooler shrink
Fresh meat 70-75% water making it susceptible to evaporative cooling loss in first 24 hours
Lose 3-5% typically
Carcass lean yield
Estimated lbs of lean= 2+ (hot carcass weigh x .45) + (LEA x5) - (fat depth x 11)
Estimated % lean= estimated lbs lean/ hot carcass x100
Weaning
Wean entire farrowing room s close to avg 21 days as possible
-spread out over all pens or just 4 leaving one for pigs with complications
Sort based on weight
7-8 weeks prio to breeding (NEW GILTS ONLY)
5 cc parvovirus shield L5E (PPV)
2 cc Ingelvac PRRS-MLV
4 weeks prior to breeding (all)
5 cc Parvovirus shield L5E, pink bottle, IM
2 cc Ingelvac PRRS-MLV IM
2 week prior to breeding (new gilts only)
Ivermectin dewormer
4 weeks prior to farrowing
2 cc Litterguard LT-C
2 weeks prior to farrowing
2 cc Litterguard LT-C
Ivermectin
At birth
Rub in dual dry (head to tail)
Helps to keep them dry
Day 1 protocol
Earnothc
Tail dock
0.2 cc Excede (broad plectrum antibiotic)
200 mg iron (IM neck)
Day 7 vaccines
1 cc Rhini Sheild TX4 -> respiratory combo vaccine to cover strophic rhinitis, pneumonia, and erysipelas
Day 14 vaccines
0.5 cc excede (broad spectrum antibotic)
Weaning vaccines
2 cc Circumvent PCV-M G2
1 cc Rhinishield TX4
Administer dose of PCV2 and mycoplasma vaccine
7 days after entering nursery
2 cc swine flu
In farrowing pen
Dry floors with potato starch after each wash
Dual dry on heat mats first 3 days
Preparing healthy sow/ gilt
MLV vaccine for PRRS, all females get booster one month out of breeding (better safe than sorry)
Vaccinate for common repro-based diseases; PPV, lepto, erysipelas
Gilts given anthelmintics prior to breeding and again prior to farrowing
Sows on annual anthelmintic protocol, dose prior to farrowing (dewormers)
-should be broad spectrum and include protection against mange, scabies, ascariasis, trichuriasis, and strongyloidasis
