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Swine > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

Choosing boar guidelines

A

Improvement using boar> gilts
Concern when selecting boar from litters on farm
Consider purchasing animal vs semen
-1 boar/ 20 sows live cover
-1 boar/ 200 sows AI
Purchase 6-7 months of age, use no earlier than 8 months of age

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2
Q

Purpose of boar guidelines

A

Replacement gilts
Terminal market hogs- good market characteristics

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3
Q

Traits to look for in boar

A

Behavior
Reproductive soundness
Conformation
Dam productivity
Performance
Backfat

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4
Q

Behavior

A

Look at: temperament, sex characteristics (have libido to breed), aggressiveness

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5
Q

Reproductive soundness

A

12+ evenly spaces teats
No genetic abnormalities
Strong feet and legs
Wide stance
Ability to move freely

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6
Q

Conformation

A

Body length, depth, height, size, etc

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7
Q

Dam productivity

A

Consider when using to make replacement gilts, boars selected from litters of 10+ farrowed and 8+ weaned
-reproductive and growth traits (Maternal Line Index)

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8
Q

Performance

A

More emphasis on individual than pedigree
Reach 250 lbs at 155 days of age (or less)
Gain 2+ lb/day

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9
Q

Backfat

A

Carcass merit traits- trying to maintain or decrease fat
Loin muscle area ( want large)
Backfat thickness (10th rib Backfat of 250 lb boar < 0.8 in)
Negative # decreases Backfat on future generations

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10
Q

Expected progeny differences

A

Estimate how future progeny of sire chosen will do
-compare between sires of same breed
Each trait has associated accuracy of prediction

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11
Q

Selection index

A

Incorporate genetic evaluation of performance record
-include multiple traits together
Based on economic value of each trait
Provides overall breeding value in terms of $
Values based on 100

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12
Q

NBA

A

Number born alive ( want big #)
# (+ or -) of offspring born in litter
Expressed as numbers of individuals
10% heritable- good chance it wont be passed down

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13
Q

LW21

A

Litter 21-day weight (want large number)
Weight in pounds (+ or -) of total litter at weaning adjusted to 21 days
15% heritable, not good indication of breeding

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14
Q

D/250

A

Days to 250 lbs
#(+ or -) of days it takes to reach 250 lbs
- days= reach 250 lbs quicker
Reflects feed efficiency and intake
35% heritable

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15
Q

BF

A

Backfat depth
10th rib Backfat amount (+ or -) adjust to a 250 lb hog
Expected difference from the current average
Measured in inches
Negatively correlated to muscle
40% heritable

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16
Q

Terminal sire index

A

Uses DAYS, BF, LBS (pounds of fat free lean), feed/pound gain
-use for choosing boar with Terminal traits

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17
Q

Maternal line index

A

Includes TSI and SPI (sow productivity index)= BF, DAYS, LBS, NBA, LWT, NW
Maternal traits weighted 2x as much
-Based on average= 100

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18
Q

Boar housing area

A

Penned separately
Crates
Pens
Total or partial slatted flooring

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19
Q

boar breeding area

A

Common no ownership area (neutral)
-reduces territorial behavior
Runs females and males into
Variable
Flooring is most important
-good footing to ensure mounting
-Avoid slippery or wet flooring
-free of sharp and dangerous objects
-create favorable/ enjoyable environment

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20
Q

Housing environment for boars

A

> 85F reduces semen quality
=lower farrowing rates
=lower litter sizes
Ventilation
Evaporative coolers, misters, droppers

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21
Q

Boar nutrition

A

Normal feeding up to finishing period to maximize growth rate
At 6 mo of age up to breeding, boars are limit-fed to prevent over fattening
BCS 3 ideal, Whitaker likes backbone of 2 for boars

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22
Q

Routine management of boars

A

Daily observations -loss of appetite, listlessness, lameness
Vaccinations
Treat for mange and Lice
Tusk trimming -enlarged tooth in males, 2x a year

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23
Q

erysipelas

A

Bacteria: ersipelothrix rhusiopathiae
Infection by ingestion
Acute form results in 50-75% death loss
Edema of nose= breathing like snoring
Diamon-skin lesions
-make sure there aren’t sores from laying down (erysipelas would be on side)

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24
Q

Leptospirosis

A

Bacteria: leptospira pomona
Infection by contact (mucous membrane)
Reproductive failure
Difficult to observe in adult pigs

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25
Q

Parvovirus

A

Virus: parvovirus
Reproductive failure
Very difficult to diagnose

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26
Q

Mange

A

Aka scabies, scab, itch
15 day life cycle, occurs on body of pig
Female lays eggs under skin
Ear->neck-> body
Irritated skin, crusting skin
Insecticides

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27
Q

Lice

A

Sucking and biting louse
Life cycle occurs on body of pig
Female lays eggs on hair near skin
All parts of Body
Irritated skin, weight loss
Insecticides and sanitization

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28
Q

Individual breeding

A

1 boar w female in heat
Aka hand-mating
Lots of labor
Higher conception rates
1 boar can’t do more than twice a day, 7 Times/week

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29
Q

Pen mating

A

Boar in pen w random females
Rotate boars every couple days

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30
Q

Semen characteristics

A

1 dose= 100 ml
1 dose= 3 billion sperm
Look for 70-90% motility prior to insemination
Extender keeps sperm viable for7+ days

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31
Q

Replacement gilts guidelines

A

Expensive
External gilts= bio security risk
Well developed underline
Reproductive soundness
Feet and leg soundness
Performance (fast growing, from large litters, from good milk producing mothers)

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32
Q

replacement gilts considerations

A

Average culling rate 42%
Avg death rate 8%
Avg parity of culls 4

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33
Q

Visual evaluation

A

Structural soundness
Volume and body capacity
Muscle
Leanness
Underline quality

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34
Q

Sow productivity index

A

Uses NBA, LWT, NW
Indicates reproductive ability
Based on average= 100

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35
Q

HAL gene

A

Aka porcine stress syndrome
Pigs have PSE pork
Originally selected for because it produced a leaner hog

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36
Q

ESR gene

A

Estrogen sulfate receptor
Increases ovulation rate
+1 NBA/ litter

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37
Q

K88 gene

A

E.Coli binds to K88 receptor in gut
No K88= no E.Coli= no scours

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38
Q

Skin color

A

White skin is dominant allele
Creates white offspring regardless of parent skin
Packers prefer white skinned hogs

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39
Q

Age at puberty

A

5-8 months

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40
Q

Weight at puberty

A

180+ lbs

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41
Q

Duration of estrus

A

2-3 days

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42
Q

Length of estrous cycle

A

20-22 days (21 avg)

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43
Q

Time of ovulation

A

12 hours before estrus ends

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44
Q

weaning to estrus interval

A

3-7 days (5 avg)

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45
Q

length of gestation

A

114 days (3-3-3)

46
Q

Estrus synchronization

A

Prepubertal gilts- not already through puberty
Mature sows and gilts- already cycling
Weaned sows-lactating, already farrowed

47
Q

Before puberty

A

GnRH not really there
Low concentration
Infrequent

48
Q

After puberty

A

GnRH level increases
Consistent

49
Q

Boar exposure

A

Works with prepubertal gilts
“Boar effect”
Stimulates release GnRH
70-80% gilts show estrus in 28 days

50
Q

Large group of females

A

Cycle at 28 weeks

51
Q

Small group of females

A

Cycle at 32 weeks

52
Q

Small group with boar

A

Direct contact and no contact cycle at 24 weeks

53
Q

Prepubertal gilts

A

PG600
Injection of eCG (FSH like) and hCG (LH like)
80% gilts show estrus 5-10 days after inj

54
Q

Cycling females

A

Matrix-> oral progestin
Fed for 14 days
80-90% pig display estrus 4-9 day after removal

55
Q

group weaning

A

Wean all piglets at once
Removes inhibition on GnRH (from suckling)
90% weaned sows display estrus within 10 days after removal

56
Q

pure breeding

A

Eligible for breed registration
Lineage
Breed purity
Breed promotion
Represent ~1% of US pig population
Necessary to maintain genetic diversity and progress
Foundation of crossbreeding

57
Q

Crossbreeding

A

Mating animals of different breeds
Capitalize on traits controlled by additive and non additive gene action
= highly heritable traits and aim for high heterosis

58
Q

Additive gene action

A

Select for G gene
Incremental gene action
Almost all traits are polygenic
Offspring trait is avg of parent traits
-amount of variation due to genetics

59
Q

Non-additive gene action

A

Not all traits respond to additive gene effects
Offspring trait differs from average trait of parents= heterosis

60
Q

Individual heterosis

A

Improvement in performance traits like growth rate and feed efficiency
Due to cross breeding (must have)

61
Q

Maternal heterosis

A

Improvement in performance in sows and their progeny from using a crossbred dam
Pre and post natal environment, large litter sizes, higher rebrewing rates (repro traits)

62
Q

Paternal heterosis

A

Improvement in performance in boars and their progeny from using a crossbred sire
Libido, breeding, longevity

63
Q

Maternal Line

A

Select for highly heritable traits
Use crossbred females to maximize heterosis (health and reproduction)

64
Q

Two Breed terminal cross

A

All progeny will go to market
100% heterosis

65
Q

Three breed terminal cross

A

100% heterosis
1/2 one breed, 1/4 two other breeds

66
Q

two Breed Rotational cross

A

Two breeds mated and resulting female offspring kept as replacement and bred back to one of two breeds
-in future females bred to opposite sex, keeps heterosis high?

67
Q

Three-breed rotational cross

A

Two breed roatational but add third breed to mix
Keep few to stay within herd

68
Q

Breeding

A

Estrogen level low when in estrus
-seeking boar occurs during estrus
-riding behavior occurs before estrus and after
-some vulva discharge, reddened vulva happening at beginning of estrus
Become immobile when mounted in heat and could suck up semen if in strong heat

69
Q

Gestation critical periods

A

First 30 days, last 30 days

70
Q

Gestation time line

A

0: fertilization
1-12 : embryonic migration
11-14: MRP
14-30: implantation
90-114: rapid growth of piglets

71
Q

Inherent losses during gestation

A

43% of potential pigs lost during gestation
-about 1/3 potential pigs lost during 1st 30 days

72
Q

Gestation temperature

A

60-68F
keep at right temp
Manage heat and cold stress

73
Q

Open fronted

A

Indoors and outdoors, solid concrete flooring
~15 ft2/ sow

74
Q

Enclosed

A

More control, less labor, land efficient

75
Q

Individual stalls

A

2’x7’, traditional
No aggression/fighting
Regulate feed intake
AI friendly
Easier observations

76
Q

Group pens

A

Typically AI first in stalls ~ 5 weeks then group
LOTS of fighting
~24 ft@/ sow
Feeding becomes primary issue: group feeding vs individual feeding

77
Q

Gestation crates banned in

A

Arizona, California, Colorado, Florida, Maine, Massachusetts, Ohio, Oregon, Rhode Island
~20% of the country and ~10% of sows
_75% farms still use gestation crates

78
Q

PRRS

A

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome
Blue coloration o skin
Late term abortion (107 days)
Poor offspring
Labored breathing of offspring
Virus
Vaccine available (16 weeks)

79
Q

SMEDI

A

Still birth, mummification, embryonic death and infertility
Syndrome
Name says it all, PPV often a culprit

80
Q

Prefarrowing

A

Deworm sows 2 weeks before farrowing room entry
Farrowing room empty, cleaned, disinfected and dry for 5-7 days
Was the sows
Limit feed the sows (4-6 lb per day)
Use laxative diet
-20 lb/ ton Epsom salts
-15 lb/ton KCl
-Linseed meal (protein source)

81
Q

Farrowing

A

Birth process-shortest but most important period
Labor= 1-10 hours (avg 3)
Interval between pigs= 1 min- 1 hour (avg 15 min)
75% anterior presentation

82
Q

Induced farrowing

A

Prostaglandin
3 days or less before due date
Farrowing occurs 16-24 hours after

83
Q

Assisting in farrowing

A

Oxytocin
After 30+ min and no new piglet

84
Q

Farrowing crates

A

Minimize crushing and allow piglet to access teats
Forces sow to drop slowly to knees then roll over
Crate is narrow at top and wide at bottom

85
Q

Lactation physiology

A

Suckling->posterior pituitary-> mammary gland targeted to produce milk ( milk synthesis)
Anterior pituitary leads to increased oxytocin which causes milk letdown (prolactin)

86
Q

Lactation nutrition sow

A

No feed 1st 20-24 hours after farrowing
Can include laxative diet for first day
Want to increase full feeding ASAP
Try to have sows stand at least 3 time a day

87
Q

Lactation nutrition piglet

A

Need iron within 1st 3-4 days
Prestarter feed (20% CP) in pans [~ 1 week of age]
Starter feed (18%) afterwards until weaning

88
Q

MMA

A

Mastitis-Metritis Alactia Complex
mastitis= inflammation of mammary gland
Metritis= inflammation of uterus
Agalactia= failure to secret milk
No fatal
Hurts offspring more than sow, usually due to E.Coli

89
Q

CAFO

A

Concentrated animal feeding operation
-confine livestock or poultry prior to market
2500 hogs > 55 lb
10000 hogs <55lb
45+ days of confinement (over one year)

90
Q

Manure

A

Feces+ Urine+ bedding +other

91
Q

Manure forms

A

Liquid slurry (<15% solid)
Semi- solid (>20% solid)
Dry

92
Q

Manure nutrients

A

Water
Carbon- from digested plant material direct spreading of solids CO2 or CH4
nitrogen- ~10lb/ton, ammonium, urea; product of protein breakdown
Phosphorous- ~9lb/ ton, digested plant material; P2O6 of phytate
Potassium- digested plant material, K2O
Sulfur-digested plant, animal, bacterial proteins, H2SO4

93
Q

Pig manure ratio

A

N:P:K
10:9:8
Corn requirement when fertilizing: 10:4:10 (P amt doubled is issue)

94
Q

Phytoestrogens

A

Converts phytate (non-digestable) into inorganic phosphate

95
Q

WMS

A
  1. Manual or mechanical scraping
  2. Gravity draining for sloped pens
  3. Flushing with dump tanks, siphons or pumping systems with automatic or manually controlled valves
  4. Continuous flushing, takes large amounts of water
96
Q

Aerobic lagoons

A

Very rare, won’t ask about?
Aerobic bacteria use oxygen to decompose organic material
Breakdown of organic material is relatively complete
Decomposition acitvity is slow
Odor output is reduced
Lagoons usually very shallow with large surface area

97
Q

Anaerobic lagoons

A

Anaerobic bacteria do not require oxygen for decomp of organic material
Breakdown of organic material is incomplete
Odors more prevalent
Decomp occurs quickly

98
Q

Slurry system

A

Manure stored in large reservoir (above ground)
No extra water added to manure (4-15% solids)
Collection easy
Volume minimal
Fertilizer value improved

99
Q

Sprinkler/ irrigation

A

Usually endpoint is cropland
Sprayed through sprinkler system
Released into irrigation ditches
Reincorporation into environment

100
Q

Constructed wetlands

A

Water from treatment/ storage component passes slowly through a wetland that is full of plants
Plants utilize any organic material left for growth
Water re-enters environment
Reincorporation into environment

101
Q

Solid fertilizer

A

Usually slid material after dehydration and/ or solid separation is mixed with organic matter or pelleted and used for fertilization
This is mixed with wood chips to form potting soil

102
Q

Primal

A

Wholesale

103
Q

Market channels

A

Auction (open market)
Direct to buyer (private treaty)
Contracts (futures) base pricing on future hogs

104
Q

Ticker symbol

A

LH

105
Q

Exchange

A

CME

106
Q

Price quote

A

$/ cwt

107
Q

Contract size

A

40000 lbs LH
235 hogs?

108
Q

Prices highest

A

May and July

109
Q

Price based on

A

Corn

110
Q

Seller

A

Company
Industry

111
Q

Buyer

A

Producer
Facility owner
Farmer
Grow pigs out

Swine (3 decks)

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