Swine 4 Flashcards
the recommended double selection in selecting animals and the selection rate
2-3 months-1.5 or 66%
next at 6 months- 1.25 or 89%
2 bases of selection
- physical selection (strong legs, long body, good body conformation, etc.)
- performance (mothering ability, ADG, backfat thickness)
removal of unwanted pigs. opposite of selecting
culling
reasons for culling
- age
- reproductive ability
- mothering ability
- feet and leg problem
- diseases
- damaged udder
- long dry period
- abnormalities
- poor litter size
- libido
increasing gilts feed allowance by 3.0- 3.5 kg/day about 10-14 days after service to increase ovulation done on the 3rd heat is called what
flushing
- 7-14 days before breeding
- 14 and 7 days before breeding
- once before breeding
- scheduled at 6-8 months old
- deworming
- mange treatment
- vitamin ADE injection
- vaccination
some gilts come into heat as early as 4 months old. most hits puberty at 6-8 months but are recommended to breed at 8 monts old
age to breed gilts
time interval from weaning to service wherein the sow is unproductive
dry period
A good sow should come back into heat and be
ready for service within how many days after weaning
3-7 days
problems that occur from faulty management
Low conception rate, small litter size at birth or weaning, abortions and
impaired reproduction,
hormonal injection given to induce heat occurrence, If sows do not come into heat within 10 days
gonadin
the time during which the sows will accept the boar, it last from 1-5 days with an average of 2-3 days.
heat period or estrus
- lifespan of speem in female reproductive system
- lifespan of eggs after ovulation
- 24-48 hours
- 12-24 hours
when does ovulation take place
40 hours after the onset of estrus (standing heat)
signs of heat
- swelling and redness of vulva
- grunting and restlessness
- mucous discharge on vagina
- only be moved with great effort
- cocks ears and become rigid
- frequent urination
- mounting of penmate
technique in heat detection where pressure is applied on her sides with both hands
- haunch pressure test
technique in heat detection where man ride and press the back or loin of the female.
- riding the back test
technique in heat detection where old semen sample is squeezed on the snout of sow
- semen on the snout
technique in heat detection where a vasectomized boar is the animal to use in this method. Allow the boar to mount the sow
- the teaser method
a part of the estrus period when the animal is accepting the boar but negative to the
caretaker’s test.
boar phase 1
period with the animal will show positive reaction to the boar and to the
caretaker.
insemination phase
the same with Boar Phase I except that it is after the insemination phase.
boar phase 2
- 12 hours after the onset of heat period (Boar Phase 1)
- 24 hours after the onset of heat period
- gilt
- sow
no feed should be given at what period
weaning and farrowing
advantages of early pregnancy detection in sows and gilts
(a) makes possible
to cull or rebreed non-pregnant, feed wasting females; (b) it allows closer grouping of a numbers of sows
for a farrowing period. (c) it gives early warning of breeding troubles (d) it enables the producer to make more effective use of his breeding facilities
In order to be sure, the sow has become pregnant, closely watch her during the days around 3 weeks, and again 6weeks after she was bred. If the sow does not come in heat during those days, we can assume that she is indeed pregnant.
pregnancy control
Preparations for farrowing
1. preparing the sow
2. preparing the farrowing pen
- Before moving to farrowing house, the sow should be scrubbed with soap and water. Especially in the region of the udder to remove parasite and bacteria that can cause diarrhea.
- farrowing pen should be cleaned completely, disinfected and left unused for 5-7 days before sow is transferred
signs of farrowing
(1) Nest making, nudging of hurdles walls and flooring, biting and hurdles and guard rails;
(2) Sow always in “sitting dog” position;
(3) Distention and enlargement of the udder of the sow;
(4) enlargement and swelling of the vulva;
(5) Small round sow’s manure and frequent urination;
(6) Milk let-down;
(7) Mucous discharged with meconium; and
(8) sign of labor.
range of farrowing time
30 mins- lowest
2.5 hours- average
6 hours- highest
Farrowing is said to have started when the sow exhibits restlessness, contraction, and mucus discharged with meconium. It is finished when the placenta is completely expelled.
the farrowing process
method to use to identify if born dead piglets are stillborn
lung floatation
No anal opening, pigs born alive
atresia ani
Legs bent at right angle and stiff
bent legs
Pigs usually born alive but skull openings present involving frontal and parietal bones
brain hernia
Incomplete development of the skull
catlin mark
Pigs born alive but unable to nurse
cleft palate
Pigs become excessively fat at 32-88 kgs. and
die
excessive fatness
Born dead or are reabsorbed
fetal mortality
Fluid on the brain, head enlarged; often
accompanied by short tail
hydrocephalus
Pigs born alive but without legs
legless
Usually only forelegs affected, but sometimes
hind legs are involved; forelegs are rigid;
animals usually still born or alive only a short
time
muscle contracture
Ears split usually associated with cleft palate
and deformed hind legs
split ears
Thickening of forelegs caused by infiltration of
connective tissue which replace the muscle
fibers; pigs usually born alive
thickened Forelimb
One or both testicles retained in the abdominal
cavity
cryptorchidism
Hair at a given point in the back region flanges
out all directions
hair whorls
Animals born with little or no hair (not to be
confused with hairlessness caused by iodine
deficiency)
hairlessness
Blood fails to clot promptly when wounds are
infected
hemophilia
Teats inverted and non-functional
inverted nipples
rigid angles in the tail at birth
kinky tail
extra toes on forefeet
polydactyl
Observed in Hampshire, affected animals also
have light brown hair coat
red eyes
intestines extending to scrotal area
scrotal hernia
weakness at umbilical intestines protrude
umbilical hernia
only one toe instead of two
syndactyl
Skin like flaps hanging from throat near lower
jaw
wattles
kinky hair
wooly
