sweeteners- lec 5 Flashcards
Give examples of non-nutritive sweeteners.
- Sulfonamides (Saccharin,Cyclamate)
- Peptides (Aspartame)
- Chlorosachharides (Sucralose)
- Plant extracts (Stevia)
Give examples of nutritive sweeteners.
- Sugars (Sucrose, HFCS)
- Polyols (Sorbitol,Xylitol)
What is the key difference between nutritive and non-nutritive sweeteners?
Non-nutritive = sweet, no calories; Nutritive = sweet, with calories
List some functions of sweeteners in FOOD beyond sweetness.
- Bulking agent
- Preservative
- Fermentation substrate
- Humectant
- Freezing point modifier
- Crystallization control
- Viscosity modifier
- Mouthfeel modifier
What are some functions of sugar in CAKES other than providing sweetness?
- Creaming aid
- Hydration control
- Delays starch gelatinization
- Caramelization
- Maillard reaction
- Humectancy
what kind of sweeteners are these? what are their names?
non-nutritive
1) saccharin
2) sodium cyclamate
3) aspartame
4) acesulfame
What is the sweetness intensity of neotame compared to aspartame and sugar?
Neotame is way sweeter than aspartame and sugar
-very small amounts needed
what is the stability of sucralose, aspartame, sodium cyclamate, neotame, acesulfame, and stevia? which of these have an after taste not similiar to regular sugar? which has the most sugar like after taste?
sucralose = stable (made from sugar-> sugar after taste)
aspartame = not heat stable
sodium cyclamate = good shelf life, stable
neotame = heat stable
acesulfame = shelf stable, heat resistant
stevia = heat stable (can have licorice aftertaste)
how does the cost differ for non-nutritive sweeteners? what is the most expensive vs least expensive?
they are much cheaper than sugar
-stevia most expensive, neotame is least
what are the 5 most common artificial sweeteners used?
cyclamate, sucralose (most common), saccharin, acesulfame and aspartame
what is stevia?
a non-nutritive steviol plant extract made of 95% stevioside and/or rebaudioside
what kind of sweetener is monk fruit? how does its taste differ from sucrose?
a non-nutritive glycoside sweetener that is 300x sweeter than sucrose
what kind of sweeteners are polyols? provide examples
nutritive sweetners made by converting sugars into sugar alcohols
-sorbitol and maltitol
what is sucrose? what sweetener does it produce?
a sugar made of glucose + fructose
-it is not involved in making sweeeteners due to being a non reducing sugar
how does the energy value of polyols differ from sugars? how does this compare to their relative sweetness?
polyols generally have lower energy values (providing less calories) than sugars
-the sweetness of polyols is comparable to sugars
rank sucrose, glucose and fructose in terms of their sweetness.
Fructos >sucrose (takes longer to sense) > glucose
what are sulfonamides? provide examples
non-nutritive sweeteners made from sulfamic acid
-bitter/metallic aftertaste
-acid/heat stable
1) saccharin (300x sweeter than sucrose)
2) Acesulfame K (200x sweeter than sucrose)
what are 2 exmaples of peptide sweeteners?
aspartame (200x as sweet as sucrose, stable and clean aftertaste) and neotame
what is a down side of using aspartame?
when broken down with heat it may produce methanol
What is the maximum safe level of non-nutritive sweeteners in mg/kg body weight?
9 mg/kg body weight
what are chlorosaccharides? what is a potential risk?
non-nutritive sweteners made from chloronating sugar molecules
-generally stable under heat + acid but could produce harmful chloronated byproducts if broken down
What are sugar alcohols commonly used in?
Sugar-free gums and candies
What is the EFSA ADI for steviol glycosides?
4 mg/kg BW/day
