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Gen Path Exam 2 > Sweep 1.3 > Flashcards

Sweep 1.3 Flashcards

1
Q

• Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)- ——— implicated.

A

immature hematopoietic cell

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2
Q

Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML): is a Clonal proliferation of

A

immature granulocytes (stem cell disorder).

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3
Q

Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML): in this you see: Marked increase in

A

white blood cell count with eosinophilia and basophilia.

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4
Q

Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML): ——- typically present, stem cell pool ——-

A

Splenomagaly, 10-20x normal

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5
Q

Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML): o Unresponsive to normal

A

growth regulation

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6
Q

Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML): o Increased peripheral

A

white cell count with all myeloid cell types present

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7
Q

Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML): o ————- present in all proliferating cells due to fusion of ——- genes, which mimic the effects of growth factor activation, driving the proliferation of CML

A

Philadelphia chromosome abnormality

BCR-ABL

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8
Q

Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML): • While this fusion gene (BCR-ABL) is always present in CML, it is not

A

unique to this disorder

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9
Q

BCR-ABL: which mimic the

A

effects of growth factor activation

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10
Q

o CML accounts for about —–of chronic leukemias, and usually occurs in adults from ——– of age

A

1/3rd, 25-60 years

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11
Q

Chronic myelogenous leukemia: The terminal phase of the disease marked by a relative increase in—— and decreased ———–. Known as:

A

immature cells in peripheral blood and bone marrow, and decreased response to treatment, is known as blast crisis. This stage is equivalent to an acute leukemia, and is of myeloid lineage in 2/3 and of lymphoid lineage in 1/3.

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12
Q

Blast crisis: CML: This stage is equivalent to an

A

acute leukemia, and is of myeloid lineage in 2/3 and of lymphoid lineage in 1/3.

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13
Q

CML o Treatment-

A

targeted inhibitors of the BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase, which induce complete remission in a high percentage of patients.

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14
Q

CML: With relapsed or resistant disease, ——– may be performed, although this is risky in older patients

A

bone marrow transplant

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15
Q

• Multiple myeloma- proliferating cell is ———, ——— in the rest it is usually only ——- light chain rarely any of the others.

A

plasma cell that produces Ig.

60% IgG, 20-25% IgA

kappa or lambda

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16
Q

Multiple Myeloma: Find excess ——- in pts, pts can excete the low molecular weight light chains in ——.

A

Ig, urine

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17
Q

Multiple Myeloma: o Bone resorption results from secretion of

A

osteoclast activating factors by the myeloma cells

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18
Q

Multiple Myeloma o Proteinaceous casts may form in

A

kidneys (myeloma kidney)

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19
Q

Multiple Myeloma: ——– often present

A

o Hypercalcemia present often

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20
Q

Multiple Myeloma: o Pts present with

A

bone pain, hypercalcemia and renal disease

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21
Q

Multiple Myeloma: Diagnosis:

A

o Documenting monoclonal protein and skeletal lesions makes the diagnosis

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22
Q

o Atelectasis –

A

collapse or loss of lung volume – inadequate expansion of airspaces

23
Q

Transudate - ———-, caused by increased ————–.

A

low protein fluid,

venous pressure (CHF) congestive heart failure

24
Q

• Exudate - ————-, with or without —————,

A

high protein fluid, inflammatory cells

25
Q

Exudate: caused by increased

A

vascular permeability (damage), pneumonia is an example

26
Q

o Emphysema- permanent enlargement of small air spaced due to destruction of ———-, imbalance between —————

A

alveolar septae

protease and anti-protease enzymes

27
Q

o Emphysema: Centriacinar- involves

A

central portion of lobule, typically due to smoking

28
Q

o Emphysema: Panacinar- involves

A

entire respiratory lobule, usually involves lower lobes; associated with α-1-AT deficiency

29
Q

o Chronic bronchitis – cough with ———– at least —————–;

A

sputum production

3 consecutive months for 2 consecutive years

30
Q

Chronic bronchitis: often occurs with ———— and may present with ————-

A

emphysema.

hypoxemia and cyanosis- Blue bloaters; due to chronic irritation and infections

31
Q

o Bronchiectasis- chronic infection with

A

permanent, large airway dilation

32
Q

Bronchiectasis: • Complications-

A

abscess, pneumonia, bronchopleural fistula, empyema

33
Q

Bronchiectasis: • Predisposing factors-

A

other COPD, scarring, CF

34
Q

Bronchiectasis: • Pathology-

A

dilated distal bronchi, variable inflammation

35
Q

Asthma- increase

A

irritability of smooth muscle in bronchi and bronchioles, leads to reversible contraction

36
Q

• Atopic Asthma-

A

environmental allergies, family history

37
Q

• Non-atopic asthma-

A

inflammation with eosinophils and Th2 cells

38
Q

ASTHMA: • Pathogenesis-

A

antigen binds surface IgE on mast cells releasing large number of mediators→histamines and leukotrienes

39
Q

Bacterial pneumonia- loss of ———–, injury to ———-, decreased ———–, pulmonary edema, immunocompromised condition

A

cough reflex

cilia

phagocytosis

40
Q

• Bronchopneumonia-

A

patchy process, begins around the small bronchi, common in very young and old

41
Q

• Lobar pneumonia-

A

involves an entire lobe; usually due to S. pneumoniae (90%), happens in healthy adults

42
Q

Pneumonia: • Progression-

A
  • Early- purulent exudate with many RBCs (red hepatization)

* Late- exudate with fibrin and macrophages (gray hepatization)

43
Q

Pneumonia: • Outcome-

A

complete resolution/scar

44
Q

Pneumonia: • Complications-

A

abscess, pleuritic, pericarditis, bacteremia

45
Q

Viral/Interstitial Pneumoniae- caused by

A

viruses and M. pneumoniae

46
Q

Viral/Interstitial Pneumoniae• Clinically-

A

fever, H/A, dry cough, myalgia

47
Q

Viral/Interstitial Pneumoniae• Pathology-

A

interstitial inflammation, mononuclear cells, diffuse alveolar damage

48
Q

• Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)- same histologic features as ———–, due to —————,

A

interstitial pneumonia

shock, infections, trauma, drug overdose, irritants, aspiration, fat emboli

49
Q

ARDS: o injury to ————–

o increased ————–

A

endothelium alveolar epithelium

endothelial permeability

50
Q

• Pulmonary Abscess- seen with ————- due to ——————–

A

cough, fever and purulent sputum

septic emboli, airway obstruction, dental sepsis, bronchiectasis

51
Q

Pulmonary Abscess: o Course-

A

scar, may cavitate tissues

52
Q

• Tuberculosis

o Bacterium-

A

aerobic, non-motile, slow growing rod; waxy coat and acid fast

53
Q

*Granulomatous inflammation found in other processes like

A

fungal infections (histoplasmosis) and sarcoidosis

Gen Path Exam 2 (12 decks)

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