Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

PHYSIOLOGY-Y2S2 > swallowing > Flashcards

swallowing Flashcards

1
Q

whats the general amount of saliva secreted daily?

A

800-1500 ml/day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is the ph of saliva?

A

6-7

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

whats the constitution of saliva?

A

99.5% water

0.5% solutes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

where does saliva come?

A

from glands

the glands gets it from blood

so blood —> gland —-> saliva

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are the types of secretions ?

A

serous

mucus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what do serous secretions contain?

A

ptyalin ( alpha amylase ) which is used for carb and starch digestions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what do mucus secretions contain?

A

mucin which is for lubrications and protection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

which gland produce serous secretions?

A

parotid gland –> Serous —-> alpha amylase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

which gland secrete mixed secretions? ( both mucus and serous )

A

submandibular gland

sublingual gland

both mucin and alpha mylase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

which gland secretes mucus only?

A

tiny buccal glands—> mucus –> mucin for lubrications and protections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is an acini?

A

cluster of cells in gland responsible for producing the substance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

describe the first stage in production of saliva?

A

it only involves acini

the primary secretion is produced by acini and contains ptyaline/mucin and it is isotonic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is the meaning of isotonic/hypertonic/hypotonic ?

A

Water follows the higher concentration of solutes

isotonic —> the solution has the same amount of solutes compared what is inside the cell ( no net movement )

hypertonic —> the solution has more solutes than whats inside the cell ( the water will move from inside the cell to outside )

hypotonic —> the solution has less solutes compared to whats inside the cell ( water move from outside the cell to the inside following the higher concentration )

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

describe the second stage of saliva production?

A

it happens in the gland ducts and as it flows modifications happen to the fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what are the changes in ions composition that happen in duct?

A

sodium is absorbed ( out of saliva )

chloride is absorbed ( out of saliva )

potassium is secreted ( into the saliva )

bicarbonate is secreted ( into the saliva )

ducts are impermeable to water so water stays

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are the characteristics of the final saliva secreted?

A

hypotonic

low sodium

low chloride

high potassium

high bicarbonate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what happens to the electronegativity of the saliva?

A

increases because sodium is absorbed and potassium is secreted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

describe the saliva under resting conditions?

A

saliva contain sodium and chloride ions about 15 meq/L which is about 1/7 to 1/10 of the plasma concentration ( not the same because it is getting absorbed in the duct )

potassium concentration is about 30 meq/L which is X7 the plasma concentration ( not the same because potassium is secreted to the saliva in the ducts )

bicarbonate concentration is about 50-70 meq/L which is about 2-3X the plasma concentration ( not the same because more is secreted to the saliva in ducts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what happens to the saliva in cases of excessive or maximal salivation ?

A

the flow is rapid and fast inside the duct so no time to absorb or secrete so :

Concentration of sodium and chloride will increase to be 1/2 or 2/3 of the plasma ( not less because less time to absorb and decrease it ) ( used to be 1/7 or 1/10 )

concentration of the potassium will be less compared to resting conditions because less time to secrete more and increase it , it will be 4X plasma concentration only ( used to be 7x)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is the control of salivary secretions?

A

is by nervous system —> entirely neural

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is the predominant control of salivary secretion?

A

parasympathetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is the effect of parasympathetic on salivary secretions?

A

induces copious salivation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is the effect of sympathetic on salivary secretions?

A

increase salivation a slight amount and making it thicker

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

where do the parasympathetic fibers come from?

A

superior and inferior salivatory nuclei located at the junction of medulla and pons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
what are the stimulus for these salivary nucleus ?
taste tactile stimuli tongue mouth pharynx nervous signals from taste and smell centers appetite area ( partially ) --> responds to signals from taste and smell
26
what are some other causes for salivation?
response to a reflex originating in the stomach and upper small intestine ( irritating foods are swallowed or when person is nauseated due to some GIT abnormality ) Blood supply to the gland ( more = more salivation
27
describe the blood supply to the gland in the process of salivation ?
parasympathetic stimulation moderately dilates the blood vessels leading to increased salivation activated salivary cells also secrete kallikrein ---> splits blood protein alpha 2- globulin to form bradykinin --> strong vasodilator --> more dilation and more saliva secretion
28
describe the results of sympathetic nervous signals on saliva?
increase salivation but much less than para composition of saliva is slightly modified ---> increase proteinaceous content
29
from where do the the sympathetic nerves originate from?
superior cervical ganglia ---> then travel to salivary gland
30
what is the function of saliva?
contain bactericidal agents like thiocyanate ions , lysozyme and antibodies lubrication of ingested food with mucus dilution and buffering of ingested food initial digestion of starches and lipids by salivary enzymes aids in speech by facilitating movement of lips and tongue keeps mouth and teeth clean serves as a solvent for molecules that stimulates taste buds facilitates swallowing
31
which glands receive axons from superior salivary nucleus?
sublingual gland Submandibular gland via chorda tympani and submandibular ganglion + cranial nerve 7 ( fascial nerve )
32
which gland receives innervations from the inferior salivary nucleus ?
parotid gland via otic ganglion + auriculotemporal + cranial nerve 9 ( glossopharyngeal )
33
what are the teeth used for ?
chewing incisors teeth ----> cutting molar teeth -------> grinding
34
what is the function of mastication ?
lubrication ----> facilitates swallowing reduces size of food particles and facilitates swallowing mixes ingested carbohydrates with salivary amylase
35
what are the components of mastication ?
voluntary component involuntary component
36
describe involuntary component ?
reflexes initiated by food in the mouth
37
describe the voluntary component?
voluntary chewing override involuntary or reflex chewing
38
describe the reflexes initiated by food in mouth?
sensory input from mechanoreceptor ; reflex oscillatory pattern
39
describe the chewing reflex?
food in mouth reflex inhibition of muscles of mastication lower jaw drops stretch reflex of the jaw muscles initiated rebound contraction jaw raises and closure of mouth bolus compressed against mouth lining reflex inhibition of muscle of mastication lower jaw drops repeat the cycle
40
what the innervation of the chewing muscles ?
motor branch of 5th cranial nerve ( trigeminal nerve ) --> only maxillary and mandible branches
41
what regulates chewing reflex?
nuclei in the brain stem areas in hypothalamus amygdala cerebral cortex near the sensory areas for taste and smell
42
how is swallowing initiated ?
voluntarily in the mouth but after that it is involuntary
43
when does the swallowing becomes involuntary ?
when the food touches the pharynx palatine
44
what happens when the food touches the pharyngeal lining?
swallowing becomes involuntary stimulation of swallowing centers inhibition of respiratory centers
45
what happens in the somatosensory receptor phase of swallowing ?
sensory information ( food in mouth ) is detected by somatosensory receptors in the pharynx
46
what carries the signals from the somatosensory receptors?
trigeminal ( 5) Glossopharyngeal ( 9 ) Vagus nerve ( 10 )
47
what is the swallowing center and nucleus reside in it?
impulses from the somatosensory receptors are integrated in the : nucleus of tractus solitarius nucleus ambiguus
48
where do the efferent impulses pass through to reach efferent organs?
trigeminal ( 5 ) facial ( 7) hypoglossal ( 12 ) will send impulses to the pharyngeal musculature and the tongue
49
describe the oral phase?
voluntary stage initiated by tongue forcing bolus of food back toward the pharynx activation of sensory receptors in the pharynx and initiation of the swallowing reflex --> end of oral phase
50
describe the pharyngeal phase?
food bolus is propelled from the mouth through the pharynx to the esophagus soft palate is pulled upwards --> food cannot reflux into the nasopharynx Palatopharyngeal folds are pulled medially to form sagittal slit vocal cords are strongly approximated ---> larynx moves upward ---> epiglottis moves to cover the opening of the larynx --> prevent food from entering trachea upper esophageal sphincter relaxes , allowing food to pass peristaltic wave of contraction in the pharynx --> propel foods through sphincter ( pharyngeal peristaltic ) inhibition of respiratory centers ---> breathing is inhibited Longest phase
51
what controls the esophageal phase?
partly by swallowing reflux partly by enteric nervous system
52
describe the esophageal phase?
food is propelled from the esophagus to the stomach bolus passes through the upper esophageal sphincter Swallowing reflex closes the upper esophageal sphincter --> food cannot reflux into the pharynx primary peristaltic wave occur ---> continuation of peristaltic wave that begin in the pharynx and spread into the esophagus ( make food move from pharynx to esophagus ) secondary peristaltic wave --> results from the distention of esophagus by the retained food ---> mediated partly by the enteric nervous system and partly reflexes from pharynx to medulla and back to esophagus ( to make the food move toward stomach)
53
what type muscle is the upper esophagus?
skeletal muscle
54
what type of muscles i the lower esophagus?
smooth muscles
55
describe the esophageal motility?
Upper esophageal sphincter opens food enter into esophagus Upper esophageal sphincter closes preventing reflux primary peristaltic happen and esophagus contracting creating high pressure behind the bolus pushing it down peristaltic waves and food bolus reach lower esophageal sphincter LES opens ---> decreases pressure in the stomach and facilitates movement of the bolus at the same time stomach has receptive relaxation ( preparing to get the food from the esophagus )
56
what mediates the opening of the lower esophageal sphincter?
vagus nerve by VIP
57
what triggers receptive relaxation?
trigged by swallowing reflex
58
describe the receptive relaxation?
esophageal peristaltic wave approaches the stomach ---> stomach relaxes through a wave of relaxation by the myenteric inhibitory neurons which precedes peristalsis receptive relaxation prepare the stomach to receive food propelled into esophagus Controlled by vagal reflex
59
describe the activity of lower esophageal sphincter?
remains constricted with intraluminal pressure of 30mmHG this tonic activity of lower esophageal sphincter between meals prevent reflux of gastric contents into esophagus
60
what controls the tone of lower esophageal sphincter?
it is under neural control ( vagus nerve ) under control of hormones as well ( KEEP IN MIND THE SWALLOWING IS NOT UNDER HORMONE CONTROL ONLY THE LOWER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER IS INFLUENCED BY HORMONES )
61
what makes the lower sphincter contracts?
ACH
62
what makes the lower sphincter relax?
nitric oxide VIP
63
What hormones increase the lower esophageal sphincter tone?
gastrin motilin
64
what hormones lead to the relaxation of lower esophageal sphincter ?
secretin Gastric inhibitory polypeptide cholecystokinin VIP progesterone
65
what is esophageal manometry?
measures the motility and function of esophagus and esophageal sphincter
66
describe esophageal manometry?
tube is usually inserted through the nose and passed into the esophagus the pressure of sphincter muscle is recorded and also the contraction waves of swallowing are recorded
67
why does gastroesophageal reflux disease happen?
lower esophageal sphincter incompetence ---> reflux of acid gastric contents 10-20% of western population
68
what could gastroesophageal reflux disease lead to?
heartburn and esophagitis
69
what are the potential causes of gastroesophageal reflux disease ?
pregnancy ( progesterone relaxes the sphincter ) and obesity
70
what are the treatments for gastroesophageal reflux disease ?
lifestyle modifications medications --> proton pump inhibitor , H2 receptor blockers , Antacids Surgery if needed
71
what is achalasia cardia?
failure of LES to open during swallowing and food accumulates in the esophagus
72
why does achalasia cardia happen?
increased resting LES tone and dilation of the esophagus ( cuz no food is going to the stomach )
73
what are the causes of achalasia cardia?
deficient myenteric plexus at LES Defective release of nitric oxide or VIP ( no relaxations )
74
what are the treatments of achalasia cardia?
pneumatic dilation of the sphincter myotomy ( incision of esophageal muscle ) inhibition of ACH release ( no contraction ) botulinum toxins injected in the LES

PHYSIOLOGY-Y2S2 (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions