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female cycle Flashcards

1
Q

what is the primary female gonad?

A

ovaries

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2
Q

what are the parts of female reproductive system?

A

ovaries

Fallopian tube

uterus

vagina

External genital organs :

Labia majora

clitoris

labia minora

urethra

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2
Q

whats the function of ovaries?

A

produce oocyte and female sex hormones

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3
Q

whats the function of uterus?

A

protects and sustains embyro during pregnancy

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4
Q

whats the function of fallopian tube?

A

convey secondary oocyte toward uterus

SITE OF FERTILZATION

Convey developing embyro to uterus

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5
Q

what is the most common site of fertilization?

A

ampulla of uterine ( fallopian tube )

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6
Q

whats the function of vagina?

A

receive sperms and convey uterine secretion outside body

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7
Q

whats the function of labia major and minora?

A

labia majora :

Encloses and protects other external repro organs

Minora :

Protects openings of vagina and urethra

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8
Q

whats the function of clitoris ?

A

produce feeling of pleasure during sexual stimulation

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9
Q

what are the components of female repro system?

A

Gonad/primary repro gland—-> OVARIES

Repro tract—–> TRANSPORTATION AND HOUSING OF OVUM ( fallopian tube, uterus , etc)

Accessory sex glands :

Productive and release of supportive secretion(Uterine glands and breast )

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10
Q

describe oogensis and ovarian cycle w?

A

in one ovarian cycle, one secondary oocyte is released

  • A developing eggs ( OOCYTE ) differentiate into mature egg ( OVUM )—> THROUGH OOGENESIS
  • During early embryonic development, primordial germ cells —> Migrate to OVARIAN CORTEX - and during the migration the germ cell divides repeatedly —> UNDERGO MITOSIS

-Once it reaches the ovarian cortex, they become known as OOGONIA ( pleural for oogonium )—> PRIMORDIAL OVUM

-Each primordial ovum then collects around it a layer of SPINDLE cells from OVARIAN STROMA, called GRANULOSA CELLS

-Primordial follicle is an ovum surrounded by a single layer of granulosa cells, at this stage the ovum is still IMMATURE , requiring two more cell divisions before it can be fertilized by sperm

-the oogonia (PRIMORIDAL GERM CELLS AFTER ARRIVING TO THE OVARIAN CORTEX AFTER MITOSIS ) in the embryonic ovary complete mitotic replications (FINISH MITOSIS )

  • after finishing mitosis during migration it STARTS THE FIRST MEIOSIS STAGE BY 5TH MONTH OF FETAL DEVLOPEMENT

-After reaching the first stage of meiosis it is ARRESTED IN THE LATE STAGE OF PROPHASE 1 UNTIL PUBERTY ( from 5th month of pregnancy until puberty its arrested in late stage of prophase 1 )

-After puberty it BECOMES PRIMARY OOCYTE

  • The first meitotic ( MIEOSIS ) division of oocyte is complete after puberty , each oocyte divides into two cells
  • Two cells are 1- LARGE OVUM ( Secondary oocyte ) and 2- Small first polar body, each of these cells contain 23 duplicated chromosomes

-The 1st polar body disintegrates , and the ovum ( Secondary oocyte ) unddergoes 2nd meiosis BUT STOPS AT METAPHASE 2

-It stops at metaphase 2 until gets fertilized

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11
Q

describe the monthly sexual cycle ?

A

dual changes in ovaries and uterus :

ovarian cycle

menstrual cycle

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12
Q

what is the main feature of female reproductive system?

A

cyclic function

its SPECIES dependent feature

Female monthly sexual cycle lasts for 28 days

Anovulatory cycles

has variation like :

Environment
Genetics
Energy stores

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13
Q

what hormones affect the monthyl sexual cycle in females?

A

activity and sensitivity of hypothalamic GNRH neurons in females

Gnrh—-> LH, FSH —> estrogen and progesterone

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14
Q

describe the association between ovarian and menstrual cycles?

A

work in coordination to support reproduction

primary function of ovaries is to produce and release an egg

While uterus prepare to recieve and support potential embyro as the ovarian cycle progressess towards ovulation the uterine lining thickens in anticipation of implantation , if fertilization and implantation occur , the uterus then sustains the developing embyro throughout pregnancy

long and short menstrual cycles have been associated with infertility

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15
Q

what is leptin?

A

adipocyte derived protein hormone

it shows the CNS how much energy storage we have

high leptin = high energy

Low leptin = low energy

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16
Q

whats the relation between leptin and puberty?

A

Leptin promotes production and release of GnRH

Leptin plays permissive roles in the onset of puberty , it signals adequate energy stores to the hypothalamus, helping initiate the activation of hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal- AXIS ( HPG )

Increases leptin levels ( usually seen in overweight or obese ) is associated with early onset of puberty (precocious puberty)

Decreased levels of leptin ( seen in underweight or low fat ) is associated with LATE puberty or amenorrhea ( absences of menstruation –> due to insufficient energy signaling

So low leptin = no energy = delay repro functio

high leptin = enough energy = support repro function

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17
Q

what are the components of ovarian cycle?

A

Folliculogenesis

Ovulation

Formation of corpus luteum

Death of corpus luteum ( Doesnt happen if pregnancy occur )

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18
Q

what are the 2 phases of ovarian cycle?

A

Follicular phase ( 12 to 14 days )

Luteal phase ( 12 to 14 days )

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19
Q

when does follicular phase start and end?

A

Starts at : Degeneration of corpus luteum ( cuz corpus luteum prevents ovulation )

Ends at : Ovulation

Development of multiple follicles ( one becomes dominant and fully matures )

ovulation occurs mid-cycle ( if cycle is 28 days then ovulation is at 14 )

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20
Q

when does luteal phase start and end?

A

Formation of corpus luteum from ruptured follicles

Starts : Ovulation

Ends at: Degeneration of corpus luteum

its a cycle the follicular phasse starts at the end of luteal phase and luteal starts at the end of follicular phase

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21
Q

describe what happens in ovarian cycle?

A

-Throughout childhood, the granulosa cells are believed to provide nourishment for the ovum + SECRETE OOCYTE MATURATION INHIBITING FACTOR —> THIS STOPS THE OVUM IN THE PRIMORDIAL STATE ( stops the primordial follicle in the prophase in 1st meiosis division )

-Then after puberty when FSH and LH from anterior pituitary gland begin to be secreted in significant quantities , the ovaries + SOME other primordial follicles being to grow

-First stage of follicular growth is moderate enlargement of the ovum, increases the diameter 2-3 folds ( cuz growth of ovaries + follicles inside them )

-After that growth of additional layers of granulosa cells in SOME follicles ( not all and due FSH + LH )

-The primordial follicles who had gotten extra layers of granulosa cells become PRIMARY FOLLICLES —> THIS PROCESS IS KNOWN AS FOLLICULOGENESIS

-After formation of primary follicles by folliculogenesis ,FSH ( ALONE ) causes accelerated growth of 6-12 PRIMARY FOLLICLES each month

-Initial effect of FSH is rapid proliferation of granulosa cells giving rise to many more layers of these cells ( primary follicles ), in addition SPINDLE cells derived from the ovary interstitium collect in several layers outside the granulosa cells , GIVING Rise to a second mass of cells called THECA ( spindles cells from the ovary go outside the granulosa forming cells called theca )

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22
Q

what are the layers of theca?

A

theca = primary follicles proliferate + spindles of cells derived from ovary go outside the granulosa forming second mass of cells called theca ( UNDER EFFECT OF FSH)

Theca interna

Theca externa

23
Q

whats the function of theca interna?

A

develop the ability to secrete additional STEROIDS SEX HORMONES like estrogen and progesterone

24
whats the function of theca externa?
Develop into highly vascular connective tissue capsule becomes capsule of developing follicle
25
what happens after theca cells form?
-The masses of granulosa cells ( interna ) starts secreting follicular fluid that contains a HIGH CONC of ESTROGEN - Accumulation of this fluid causes an ANTRUM ( cavity ) to appear within the mass of granulosa cells from primary follicle to formation of theca until this point everything was accelerated by FSH ( b4 primary follicle it was fsh + LH) then growth greatly accelerates by : Estrogen secreted into follicles FSH and LH
26
how does Estrogen secreted in follicle accelerates growth?
Causes granulosa cells to form INCREASING NUMBERS OF FSH receptors which causes POSITIVE FEEDBACK effect ( others high estrogen will cause negative feedback ) because it makes the granulosa cells even more sensitive to FSH ( cuz more receptors ) (before ovulation ,this is the only part in the cycle where estrogen going to stimulate the release of LH and FSH rather than inhibiting them ) Then the pituitary FSH ( had more receptors due to estrogen ) and estrogen COMBINE to promote LH receptors on the original granulosa cells, thus allowing LH stimulation to occur in addition to FSH stimulation and creating an even more rapid increase in follicular secretion
27
what does Increasing estrogen and LH from pituitary do?
Act together to cause proliferation of follicular thecal cells and increase their secretion Peak LH levels is a key indication of ovulation ( In cases of infertility , LH levels are measured around mid-cycle to determine if ovulation is occurring or not ) LH is necessary for final follicular growth and ovulation Important for final follicular growth and ovulation has specific effect on granulosa and theca cells WILL CONVERT THEM TO PREGESTRONE SECRETING CELLS ( previously were estrogen secreting cells )----> rate of secreting estrogen begins to fall about 1 day before ovulation while progesterone increases ( CUZ LH )
28
why does only one follicle while mature while others dont?
the remaining 5 to 11 developing follicles involute ---> process called atresia the cause is unclear but it has been postulated to be by : Large amount of estrogen from the most rapidly growing follicle act on the hypothalamus to suppress further enhancement of FSH secretion, in this way blocking further growth of less developed follicles ( Stronger Suppress weak ) by this way the largest follicle continue to grow because of its INTRINSIC POSITIVE FEEDBACK effects, while all others follicles stop growing and actually involute
29
what happens after secondary oocyte ovulate ?
follicle - secondary oocyte = Granulosa + theca cells after ovulation during the first few hours after expulsion of the ovum from follicle, the remaining GRANULOSA and THECA INTERNA cells change INTO LUTEIN CELLS they enlarge in diameter 2-3 times and BECOME FILLED WITH LIPID INCLUSIONS that give them yellowish appearance this process is called LUTEINIZATION and total mass of cells together become CORPUS LUTEUM
30
how does involution of corpus luteum happen?
Estrogen in particular ( progesterone to a lesser extent ) by corpus luteum during the luteal phase of ovarian cycle have a STRONG FEEDBACK EFFECTS on the anterior pituitary gland to maintain low secretory rates of FSH and LH Lutein cells also secrete small amounts of hormone called inhibin this hormone inhibits FSH secretion by anterior pituitary gland so due to this blood will have low levels of FSH and LH resulting in loss of these hormones finally causing the corpus luteum to degenerate completely ( involution of corpus luteum) ( corpus luteum needs FSH and LH to survive )
31
what happens after corpus luteum disappear ?
sudden cessation of estrogen and progesterone and inhibin ( from corpus luteum ) removes the feedback inhibition of anterior pituitary gland allowing them to begin secreting increased amount of FSH and LH FSH and LH initiate a growth of new follicles beginning a new ovarian cycle
32
what happens if oocyte is fertilized?
Hcg ( human chorionic gonadotorpin ) Hcg from the zygote will resemble LH and prevents the involution of corpus luteum this will cause the corpus luteum to secrete even larger quantities of progesterone and estrogen preventing menstruation and cause the endometrium to continue to grow and store large amounts of nutrients rather than being shed
33
what regulates endometrial cycle?
ovarian hormones : Estrogen progesterone are main regulators of endometrial cycle
34
what are the 3 key events of endometrial cycle?
Menstruation Endometrial growth and proliferation differentiation of endometrial epithelium into glandular secretory phenotype
35
what are 2 phases of endometrial cycle?
Proliferative phase Secretory phase
36
describe Proliferative phase ?
aka estrogen phase --- Before ovulation Under the influence of estrogen ( hence estrogen phase ) secreted by ovaries , stromal and epithelial cells proliferate Before ovulation occurs, ENDOMETRIUM INCREASES IN THICKNESS with growth of endometrial glands and new blood vessels into endometrium At the time of ovulation endometrium is 3-5 mm THICK During proliferative phase of menstrual cycle , the endometrium undergoes rapid regeneration and growth UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF ESTROGEN which is secreted by granulosa cells of developing follicles, estrogen stimulates : PROLIFERATION OF BOTH STROMAL AND EPITHELIAL CELLS, leading to thickening of endometrial lining , this PHASE COINCIDES WITH THE FOLLICULAR PHASE ( from degenration of CL until ovulation ) as the cycle progress toward mid cycle , the LH surges ovulation and granulosa cells begin to secrete progesterone then SECREOTRY PHASE STARTS
37
describe Secretory phase ?
After ovulation, progesterone and estrogen are secreted in large quantities by corpus luteum Estrogen ---> Slight additional cellular proliferation Progesterone ---> Marked secretory development Increased blood supply, lipid and glycogen deposition in stromal cells Preparation for implantation of fertilized ovum The time period when ovum enters the uterus until it implants the uterine secretion provide nutrition Secretions = uterine milk
38
compare what happens if fertilization occur and when it doesnt ?
If occurs : hCG maintains the corpus luteum to continue secreting estrogen and progesterone , eventually , the placenta takes over hormone production , secreting estrogen and progesterone to sustain the endometrium and support early pregnancy IF not : The corpus luteum degenerate leading to a decline in both estrogen and progesterone levels, this hormonal drop causes subsequent shedding of endometrial lining - marking the onset of menstruation
39
describe menstruation ?
the ovum not fertilized -corpus luteum involutes, progesterone and estrogen to some extent decreases ----> MENSTRUATION OCCUR vasospasm of blood vessels of endometrium under the effect of vasoconstrictors cause necrosis of endometrium The necrotic tissue and blood are expelled via uterine contractions normally 40 ml of blood and 35 of serous fluid are lost
40
when does estrogen have positive feedback on LH and FSH?
js before ovulation in the mid cycle this is the only time where estrogen causes + feedback Anything else estrogen = negative feedback
41
what are the regulations of female monthly rhythm ? HPO axis ?
Pulsatile release of GnRH stimulates release of LH and FSH by anterior pituitary gland Estrogen and progesterone exert both negative and positive feedback on anterior pituitary gland depending on stage ( at ovulation + , anything else negative ) Theca cells have receptors for LH Granulosa cells have receptors for both LH and FSH inhibin ---> From corpus luteum has inhibitory effect on pituitary Activin has opossite effect, stimulating FSH secretion by anterior pituitary
42
how does theca cells produce estrogen?
They lack aromatase ( enzyme ) so they can convert androgens to estrogen however androgens diffuse out of the theca cells into adjacent granulosa cells where they are converted to estrogen by aromatase , the activity of which is stimulated by FSH but both of them can produce progesterone as its intermediate in the production of androgens
43
describe positive and negative feedbacks by inhibin and activin?
FSH stimulates the release of inhibin from granulosa cells ( CORPUS LUTEUM ) Inhibin secreted by granulosa cells of corpus luteum INHIBITS fsh and to a lesser extent LH secretion by inhibition of gonadotropes in the anterior gland the same tissue that produces inhibin also produces ACTIVIN it promotes release of FSH by activation of anterior pituitary gland
44
describe female sexual act ?
Vuvla vagina and other perineal regions can create sexual sensation BUT- glans of clitoris is especially sensitive
45
how are the sexual sensory signals transmitted?
Sacral plexus to the sacral segments of spinal cord transmitted to cerebrum local reflexes at SACRAL and LUMBAR levels also integrate and play a role
46
what fibers causes female erection ?
Parasympathetic nerves Erectile tissue in females is present extending into the clitoris and is controlled by parasympathetics nerves Which pass through NERVI ERIGENTES from sacral plexus to the external genitalia
47
what controls female lubrication?
parasympathetics nerves Bilateral bartholin glands also get supply from parasympathetic nerves to secrete mucus for lubrication
48
what is female orgasm?
maximum intensity of sexual stimulation reached
49
importance of female orgasm ?
Fertility in females is known to be more when inseminated by normal acts compared to artifical methods, thus indicating the important role of female orgasm HOW? Spinal cord reflexes ---> perineal muscles of contracts ---> INCREASE uterine and fallopian tube motility ----> HELP TRANSPORT of sperm upwards through the uterus towards the ovum
50
effects estrogen and progesterone on the brain?
Brain : Estrogen helps maintain body temp ( after menopause temp reg is disrupted and women often experience hot flashes ) Delay memory loss Regulate parts of brain that prepare the body for sexual and repro development
51
describe effect of estrogen on heart and liver?
Estrogen helps to regulate the livers production of cholesterole, thus decreasing the build up of plaque in coronary arteries
52
describe effect of estrogen / progesterone on breast?
Estrogen stimulates the development of breath at puberty and prepares the glands for future milk production Progesterone : secretory function
53
describe the effect of estrogen/progesterone on ovaries?
Estrogen: Stimulates the maturation of ovaries Start of womans menstrual cycles indicates girl repro system has matured
54
describe the effect of estrogen/ progesterone on vagina?
Estrogen Stimulates the maturation of vagina infection are more common after menopause due to decreased thickening of vaginal lining which was promoted by estrogen
55
describe the effect of estrogen/progesterone on bones?
help preserve bone density
56
describe the effect of estrogen / progesterone on uterus ?
Stimulates maturation of uterus Help prepare the uterus to nourish developing fetus Progesterone : Development of secretory endometrium

PHYSIOLOGY-Y2S2 (16 decks)

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