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Construction > Sustainable Construction & Renewable Energy > Flashcards

Sustainable Construction & Renewable Energy Flashcards

1
Q

What are the environmental considerations surrounding sustainable construction?

A

Water conservation, consume minimum energy over its life cycle, use renewable energy, integrate with natural environment.

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2
Q

What are some water conservation methods?

A

-Greywater re-use
-Rain water collection
-Low-flush toilets
-Fit low flow taps and shower heads

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3
Q

What is greywater reuse?

A

Wastewater from wash basins, showers etc… that can be used to water garden or wash cars

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4
Q

What can rain water collection be used for?

A

Gardening and toilet flushing

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5
Q

What is sustainable construction?

A

Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

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6
Q

What are the issues surrounding sustainable developments impact on the community?

A

-Proximity of factories
-Noise pollution from airports
-The roads we drive on

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7
Q

What should be done in sustainable construction for future generations?

A

-Install new technology which generates electricity (Wind turbines, solar panels)
-Sustainable structures (air tight houses, highly insulated, well ventilated)

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8
Q

What are the social benefits of sustainable construction?

A

-Conservation (Use less light, water)
-Cost-saving (reduced energy bills)
-Compliance of buildings with legislation of BREEAM Guidelines
-Comfort lighting controls

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9
Q

What are techniques for controlling lighting or saving energy in general?

A

-Putting users in control
-Occupancy detectors
-Daylight harvesting
-Heat recovery

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10
Q

What are occupancy detectors?

A

Lights turn on if movement is detected. They turn off if no movement is detected.

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11
Q

What is daylight harvesting?

A

The use of daylight to offset the amount of electric lighting needed to properly light a space. Reduces energy use.

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12
Q

What are the issues surrounding sustainable construction and pollution?

A

-Noise pollution
-Transporting materials lead to pollution from vehicles
-Cutting down trees for timber

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13
Q

What should sustainable construction do to stop pollution?

A

-Source resources locally to prevent long transport burning fuels
-Replant trees
-Re-use materials from existing buildings

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14
Q

What are the issues surrounding regeneration of buildings and sustainable construction? (Positive impacts)

A

-Soil improvement
-Water management
-Community building
-Carbon capture
-Habitat creation

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15
Q

What are the problems of old inner city areas?

A

-Poor quality housing
-Traffic congestion
-Lack of open space
-Brownfield sites
-Expensive land

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16
Q

What is regeneration of buildings?

A

Restoring old existing buildings and refurbishing them

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17
Q

What are the benefits of locally resourcing?

A

-Less transport costs, and pollution going into air as journey is shorter.
-Can replant trees after cutting them down
-Materials may be more high quality

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18
Q

What are the drawbacks of locally resourcing?

A

-Expensive
-Quarries can be noisy locally
-Trees are cut down in natural landscape
-Quarries still produce CO2 through machinery used

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19
Q

What are the issues surrounding carbon footprint in sustainable construction? What can renewable energies do?

A

For a sustainable building it should have a low carbon design, by using renewable energies to power everything it can lower carbon use of the house.

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20
Q

What does SAP stand for?

A

Standard Assessment Procedure

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21
Q

What is SAP?

A

An energy rating of dwellings, used to see if a building complied with building regulations.

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22
Q

How can you tell if a SAP rating is good or bad?

A

The higher the number the better rating/efficiency. The lower the rating the worse

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23
Q

What is planning service?

A

Granting planning permission to eg. Erection of new building, varied land use etc…

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24
Q

Why may planning permission may or may not be granted?

A

-Location
-Use
-Scale
-Massing

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25
Q

Why Planning permission?

A

-Protect natural environment
-Designate conservation areas
-Legislate in special subjects such as waste management

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26
Q

What are the factors location effects planning permission?

A

-Where the building is located
-Surrounding setting of existing buildings
-Is building located in a designated area
-How building contributes to essential character of area

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27
Q

What are the factors use effects planning permission?

A

-Does building proposed use secure upkeep of area?
-Does proposal preserve or enhance architectural appearance area
-Is proposed use sympathetic to essential character of existing buildings in area
-Will former use of building still be appropriate

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28
Q

What are the factors scale effects planning permission?

A

-Is footprint of proposal larger than listed building
-What is contextual grain if surrounding city/town… settlement?
-What is scale of surrounding building?

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29
Q

What are the factors massing effects planning permission?

A

-does massing integrate with form and size of listed building

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30
Q

What is the area plan prepared by?

A

The Planning department for all towns

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31
Q

What is sustainable development in the country side?

A

Where a building will not be encouraged unless it a replacement of dwelling, a farm dwelling or retirement for a farmer

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32
Q

Why is sustainable development in the countryside needed?

A

To prevent the landscape from being ruined

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33
Q

What do purposed dwellings that are proposed to be built have to do?

A

Integrated into countryside and design has to reflect on area it is situated in

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34
Q

What are the different types of areas of planning permissions?

A

-Planning service
-Planning committee
-Planning applications and queries
-Area plans
-Planning in countryside

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35
Q

What are green belts?

A

A policy for controlling urban growth.

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36
Q

What is the idea for green belt?

A

Maintaining an area where agriculture, forestry and outdoor leisure can prevail

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37
Q

What is a conservation area?

A

Whole areas of similar interest, where appearance is desirable to preserve and enhance

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38
Q

What are rural conservation areas?

A

Where new developments should complement existing designs and make positive contribution to existing buildings in conservation area.

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39
Q

What are details a new building should have in a conservation or rural conservation area?

A

-Window detail
-Door detail
-Chimney
-Gutter design

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40
Q

What should windows in conservation areas have?

A

Strong vertical proportions and various configurations of mullions and transoms and should be finished in opaque paint or varnished. This reflects design in conservation area.

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41
Q

What should doors in conservation areas have?

A

-Four panelled doors
-Painted in strong colours like blue, brown or red
-Not bubbled, frosted or coloured glazing as it’s not appropriate

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42
Q

What is the enforcement of planning legislation?

A

To control and manage the development or use of land and buildings in the public’s interest.

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43
Q

What is timber frame construction?

A

Structural frame members made from wood. They transmit their loads to foundation through common sole or base plate.

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44
Q

What are the advantages of timer frame construction?

A

-Renewable source
-Low embodied energy
-Good thermal properties
-High strength to weight ratio

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45
Q

What is a timber frame wall consisted of?

A

Framed assembly
Plywood sheeting
Window

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46
Q

Why is timber framed housing good economically?

A

Made in factories into large wall size units which makes economic use of materials

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47
Q

What are the details on a timber frame wall?

A

-Top plate
-lintel (Above door or window)
-Timber studs
-Exterior plywood sheeting

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48
Q

What are the main functions of a wall?

A

-Strength
-Stability
-Thermal insulation
-Sound insulation
-Fire resistance
-Appearance
-Weather exclusion

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49
Q

What is the purpose of bonding brickwork in a wall?

A

-Obtain maximum strength
-Ensure lateral stability and resistance side thrusts
-Create acceptable appearance

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50
Q

What is a bonded wall?

A

Where the load is distributed over the whole wall and has greater resistance to side thrust

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51
Q

What are the 4 standard brick sizes?

A

-Length + 1 mortar joint = 225mm
-Width + 1 mortar joint = 112.5mm
-Height + 1 mortar joint = 75mm
-Mortar joint = 10mm

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52
Q

What is a stretcher bond?

A

Where bricks lap over eachother in successive courses.

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53
Q

What are the different types of walls?

A

-Cavity walls
-Timber stud wall

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54
Q

What does a cavity wall consist of?

A

Two skins, each a brick thick with a cavity between them.

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55
Q

What is the purpose of the inner and outer leafs in cavity walls?

A

-Inner leaf supports most of load from floors and roof

-Outer skin acts as barrier to moisture

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56
Q

What are the requirements of wall ties?

A

-Tie the inner and outer leaf of cavity wall together

-Prevent moisture passing from outer to inner skin of brickwork

57
Q

What are most wall ties made of?

A

Stainless steel or occasionally nylon

58
Q

What are the spacings of wall ties?

A

-Horizontal = 750mm
-Vertical = 450mm
-Window and door jambs = 300mm

59
Q

When should the cavity start?

A

150mm below the lowest damp proof course

60
Q

What are timber stud walls?

A

Non-load bearing internal walls.

61
Q

What is in a timber stud wall?

A

Noggins, plaster board, studs, sole plate, floor joist, architrave

62
Q

What is an architrave?

A

Interior mouldings fitted around a door frame or a window to hide door joints or rough surfaces

63
Q

What is a floor or ceiling joist?

A

A joist is a Horizontal structural member used in framing to span an open space

64
Q

What are the functional requirements of a roof?

A

-Resistant to rain, snow, wind and sun
-Good thermal insulation
-Require minimum maintenance
-Fire resistant
-Good aesthetics
-Structural stability when dead and imposed loads are applied to it
-Durability is equal to materials used in remainder of building

65
Q

What is the pitch?

A

The steepness of the roof.

66
Q

What does the steeper the pitch mean?

A

The greater the roof area is visible. This results in a larger roof space.

67
Q

What are roof coverings?

A

-Natural slates, man-made slates
-Concrete tiles
-Profiled metal sheet

68
Q

What should the materials in roof coverings do?

A

Provide good thermal insulations,
Durability,
Appearance

69
Q

What are all the different parts of a roof?

A

-Ridge
-Verge
-Valley rafter
-Common rafters
-Hip
-Hipped end
-Jack rafters
-Eaves
-Lean-to roof
-Flat roof

70
Q

What is a wall plate?

A

(Usually) 100x50mm softwood timbers fixed to the top of load bearing walls to distribute loads and provide fixings for roof timbers.

71
Q

What are ceiling joists?

A

Timbers which provide support for fixing ceiling finishes and act as a collar to prevent rafters spreading

72
Q

What are common rafters?

A

Inclined timbers fixed between wall plate and ridge which transmit live and dead loads to wall plate

73
Q

What is the ridge?

A

Horizontal board set on edge to which rafters are attached

74
Q

What is a hip rafter?

A

A rafter running from wall plate to the ridge which forms the external angle of the sloping side of roof

75
Q

What is a purlin ?

A

Horizontal roof member supporting the rafters, usually at right angles

76
Q

What are hangers?

A

Timbers hanging from purlins to ceiling joist

77
Q

What are binders?

A

Horizontal timbers nailed to top of ceiling joists and attached to hanger

78
Q

What is fascia?

A

A board fixed vertically to rafter ends

79
Q

What is the soffit?

A

Horizontal board fixed to the underside of the rafter outside the building

80
Q

What is the bargeboard?

A

Verge of gable board

81
Q

What are the eaves?

A

Lower part of the roof, usually includes end of rafter, ceiling joist, soffit, fascia and gutter

82
Q

What is the dormer?

A

Vertical window coming through a sloping roof

83
Q

What is a valley?

A

The name for the intersection between two sloping surfaces forming an internal angle

84
Q

What are the advantages of trussed rafters?

A

-Smaller and light sections of timber can be used
-Loadbearing partitions are eliminated
-Eliminates need for purlins and ridge boards

85
Q

What is on a flat roof?

A

-Roofing joist
-Firring pieces
-Decking
-Vapour barrier
-Insulation
-Roofing Covering

86
Q

What must you do during recycling management on site?

A

-Provision of clearly labelled skips for wastes.
-Use traceability system to track recyclable items once they leave the site
-Avoiding double handling when ordering local materials

87
Q

What are ground source heat pumps?

A

Heating/cooling system for buildings that use a type of heat pump to transfer heat to or from the ground.

88
Q

Where can you use a geothermal heat pump?

A

For radiators, underfloor heating pipes or to provide domestic hot water

89
Q

What is an air source heat pump?

A

a heat pump that can absorb heat from air outside a building and release it inside

90
Q

What is a solar cell?

A

An electrical device that converts the energy of light directly into electricity by photovoltaic effect.

91
Q

What does a solar thermal collector do?

A

It collects heat by absorbing sunlight for the purpose of direct heating or indirect electrical power generation.

92
Q

How to solar thermal collectors work?

A
  1. Fluid circulâtes through channels or pipes inside each panel
  2. The inside is painted black, because black surfaces readily absorb heat
  3. The fluid is heated by the sun
  4. The hot fluid is pumped to a heat exchanger and that extracts the heat for use in the home
93
Q

What direction do solar thermal collectors face?

A

South

94
Q

Where can solar energy also be stored?

A

It can be stored using a battery bank.

95
Q

What is biomass?

A

Plant matter used either to generate electricity or produce heat.

96
Q

What is the most common biomass energy source?

A

Wood (combustion of wood to produce heat)

97
Q

What is a use of geothermal ground pumps and air source heat pumps?

A

To heat up the house by heating the radiators.

98
Q

What is a use of solar panels?

A

To heat up water in the house

99
Q

What is the use of solar cells?(photovoltaic cells)

A

To generate electricity

100
Q

What is a wind turbine?

A

A device that converts energy from the wind, into mechanical energy. Mechanical energy is then used to produced electricity

101
Q

Where is the most suitable location for a wind turbine?

A

Top of a hill or an offshore location

102
Q

What is needed in the area a wind turbine is installed?

A

-Area with a steady wind-flow
-In a location that allows connection to national power network
-large hill or offshore

103
Q

How does a wind turbine work?

A
  1. Blades connected to the rotor turn from wind
  2. Rotor turns gearbox which turns generator
  3. Inside generator, coil of copper spins a couple of magnets
  4. This creates an electrical field, which in turn generates current
  5. The current is distributed to homes and factories across the UK
104
Q

What is a use of wind turbines?

A

To generate electricity from wind

105
Q

What is a use of biomass?

A

To produce heat. (E.g lighting fire in house)

106
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of using air source or ground source heat pumps?

A

A: Renewable energy source doesn’t impact environment, reduces energy costs for oil, always available to heat house.

D: Very expensive to install

107
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of wind turbines?

A

A: Renewable source, saves money spent on electricity, can make money from it by selling electricity back to the grid.

D: Expensive to install, expensive for maintenance, only works if windy, ruins landscape.

108
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of solar energy?

A

A: Saves money on oil, can be stored, can be turned into electricity with solar cells.

D: Only works when sun is out, expensive to install solar panels and cells.

109
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of biomass?

A

A: Wood is renewable as trees can be replanted, easily accessible, cheap, can generate electricity which can reduce electricity costs.

D: Combustion of wood pollutes the air, cutting down trees can ruin landscape.

110
Q

What is the need to reduce environmental impact of building materials?

A

To produce less harmful pollutants, to recycle and reuse material, to prevent waste

111
Q

What is modern quarrying practice?

A

It allows quarry managers to share a strong commitment to the principles of sustainable development, the environment and the local community.

112
Q

What is the aim of modern quarrying practice?

A

To minimise any adverse impacts of quarry operations on neighbours and the environment.

113
Q

What do they do in modern quarrying practice to stop harmful effects in the environment?

A

-Tree planting,
-softening the impact of the quarrying environment
-Shrubs and trees planted to enhance local biodiversity

114
Q

What the reed beds?

A

A bed to filter surface water that run of the quarry that can be reused in quarry processes or filtered back into the water system

115
Q

What percent of CO2 is emitted through manufacture and transport of building materials?

A

10%

116
Q

What must the design team use to encompass their “whole life” environmental impact?

A

Use the right materials that are environmentally good. These materials should be able to be reused or recycled and include embodied energy

117
Q

What is the life cycle analysis?

A

A technique to assess environmental impacts associated with all stages of products life

118
Q

What do traditional materials sourced locally have to be?

A

-Least detrimental carbon footprint due to reduced transport

119
Q

What are the advantages to a reduced carbon footprint?

A

-Balanced against environmental impact of excavation
-Harvesting in local environment
-Use materials that supports maintenance of industries and local businesses
-Incorporate materials with high recycled content

120
Q

What are materials with low embodied energy

A

-Timber
-Lime mortar
-Slate
-Stone

121
Q

What does reusing materials from existing materials do to help?

A

-avoids environmental impact of new manufacture
-Is a basic principle of efficient resource use

122
Q

What does incorporating materials with high recycled content do?

A

-Reduces new material, energy and pollution in production
-Reduces need for landfills
-Reduces possible pollution from incineration

123
Q

What are materials that incorporate high recycled content?

A

-Concrete made from fly ash aggregate
-Carpets from recycled bottles
-Insulation from recycled paper
-

124
Q

What does construction that involves non renewable metals source? (Copper, lead, zinc, tin, steel, aluminium)

A

Products with high recycled content

125
Q

Why in new builds do they use prefabricated or preassembled materials?

A

-Allows tighter on site assembly tolerances
-Better air leakage performance
-Reduces waste

126
Q

When is site waste management requirements needed?

A

When cost of project is greater than 500,000

127
Q

What is a site waste management plan?

A

A plan that details amount and type of waste that will be produced on a construction site.

128
Q

How does a Site waste management plan detail waste produced?

A

How it will be reused, recycled or disposed

129
Q

What does site waste management plan record?

A

How waste is managed and to confirm disposal of any materials that can’t be reused or recycled at a legitimate site

130
Q

What is the aim of site waste management plan?

A

To improve resource efficiency to reduce waste produced and receive as mush as possible of remainder

131
Q

How does SWMP achieve to improve resource efficiency and waste?

A

-Requiring those responsible for projects to forecasts amount of each type of waste and record how much is recycled
-Building on the savings in material and disposal costs already secured

132
Q

What does the SWMP prevent legally?

A

Waste crime and reduce illegal waste management. This closes down market for illegal operators in illegal demolition waste

133
Q

What information should the SWMP have the identity of?

A

-Person who created draft plan
-Person in charge of project
-Contractor used
-Description of works proposed
-Description of waste type
-Estimate of volume of each different waste produced

134
Q

What monitoring is required for projects over 300,000 but less that 500,000?

A

-Identity of waste management contractor removing waste
-Types of waste removed
-Site that contractor takes waste to

135
Q

After the 3 months of work what must principal contractor add to plan in waste management?

A

-Confirmation SWMP has been monitored on regular basis and work is progressing according to plan and updated.
-Explanation of any deviation from plan

136
Q

What is the key to maximising sustainability?

A

-Use large quantity of natural resources
-Use of recycled aggregates and increase by-products
-Reduce overall waste
-Responsible sourcing and use of materials and energy efficiency

137
Q

What is the efficient energy usage of modern quarrying practice?

A

-Use wind generated energy to lower levels of CO2
-Use less electricity

138
Q

How is energy efficiently used in modern quarrying practice?

A

-Modern machinery is used with electric motors on hydraulic drives
-Electric forklift used
-Modern lorries that use less fuel to produce less CO2
-Quarry products ordered from location as close as possible to site

139
Q

What are the measures used for recycling and reusing?

A

-Packaging of product is 100% recyclable
-Wooden pallets made from renewable sources
-Non reusable combustible waste is used
-100% of concrete waste is recycled
-Packaging waste is collected and recycled

Construction (2 decks)

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