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Construction Technology Flashcards

1
Q

What are strip foundations?

A

Strip of concrete placed in ground under loads

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2
Q

What is the depth of concrete in strip foundations?

A

300mm

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3
Q

What are the stages of construction of a strip foundation?

A
  1. Remove topsoil
  2. Excavate to reduced level
  3. Mark out foundations
  4. Excavate foundations
  5. Peg foundations
  6. Pour concrete
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4
Q

What is it common to do when marking out a building?

A

Mark out the front wall of building first

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5
Q

What is a foundation expected to do?

A

Support and distribute loads to subsoil

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6
Q

What are dead loads?

A

Loads created by the building structure

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7
Q

What are imposed loads?

A

Loads of its occupants and contents

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8
Q

What is bearing capacity?

A

Maximum load that the ground can safely support

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9
Q

What are the foundations for domestic construction?

A

Bed of concrete resting on suitable bearing strata that is able to support all dead loads and imposed loads.

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10
Q

When is a stepped strip foundation needed?

A

When a site is erected in a sloping site.

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11
Q

What is a stepped strip foundation?

A

A foundation formed in a series of steps

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12
Q

What does the height of each step in a stepped strip foundation have to be?

A

Equal to the depth of blocks used to build the house

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13
Q

What is the concrete used in stepped strip foundations mix need to be? (Ratio)

A

1:3:6

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14
Q

What are the different types of walls?

A

-Solid
-Cavity
-Internal
-External
-Load bearing
-Non load bearing

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15
Q

What is damp proof course?

A

type of moisture control applied to building walls and floors to prevent moisture from passing into the interior spaces

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16
Q

What is damp proof membrane?

A

Plastic sheeting used to protect buildings from moisture by creating a damp resistant barrier.

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17
Q

Where can you find damp proof course or membrane?

A

above the concrete in the walls

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18
Q

What is damp proof membrane made of?

A

High Density Polyethylene

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19
Q

What is damp proof course made of?

A

Slate or lead barriers

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20
Q

What are the brick materials used for external and masonry walls?

A

Brick, clay brick, calcium silicate bricks, common brick, facing brick engineering brick.

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21
Q

What are other materials used in external walls?

A

Concrete blocks, sand, Cement, water, insulation, DPC

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22
Q

What are the features of brick?

A

-Withstand load bearing compressive loads
-weather resistant
-Good appearance
-Decay after exposed to weather after number of years (spalling)

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23
Q

What are calcium silicate blocks made of?

A

Sand and lime

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24
Q

What are common brick/ block used for?

A

Unseen work

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25
Q

What is facing brick used for?

A

Appearance

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26
Q

What is engineering brick?

A

Very hard dense brick with smooth texture with a high load bearing capacity

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27
Q

What is the mortar for brick and blocks?

A

Sand, cement, plasticiser, water

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28
Q

Where can insulation be found?

A

Wall, floor and roof

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29
Q

What are the materials used for roof structure and joinery components?

A

-Timber
-Softwood
-Hardwood
-Manufactured board

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30
Q

Where is softwood used?

A

Roof construction, stair stirrings and first fix joinery

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31
Q

What are common softwoods?

A

Pine, fir, spruce, larch, cedar

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32
Q

What are trees are hardwoods?

A

Deciduous
-Horse chestnut
-Ash
-Oak
-Sycamore
-Beck
-Elm

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33
Q

Where is hardwood used?

A

Furniture, doors, exterior timber sheeting

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34
Q

What materials are used for insulation?

A

-Glass fibre
-Sheep’s wool
-Polystyrene rigid sheet
-Styrofoam insulation boards

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35
Q

What is the functions of a ground floor?

A

-Safely sustain loads
-Provide stable structure
-Resistance to passage of moisture from ground
-Accommodation of services
-Provide level surface
-Resistance to heat loss

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36
Q

What can floors be defined as?

A

-Continous
-Supporting surface extending horizontally through building
-Has one or more rooms

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37
Q

What is the function of first floors or above?

A

-Safely sustain loads
-Stable structure
-Separation of storeys
-Accommodation of services
-Resistance to heat loss
-Resistance to sound and fire
-Provide base for ceiling finishes

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38
Q

What are the materials floors are made from?

A

Timber, concrete, sand, precast concrete

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39
Q

Where are solid concrete floors used?

A

Ground floors

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40
Q

What are the parts of the door frame?

A

Frame, head, jamb or stile, architrave

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41
Q

What is the frame of a door?

A

The surround of a door which also supports the door

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42
Q

What is the head of a door?

A

Horizontal member of the frame above door

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43
Q

What is a jamb or stile on a door?

A

Vertical member of the door frame

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44
Q

What are the requirements/functions of a door?

A

-Access
-Weather exclusion
-Security
-Fire resistance
-Thermal resistance
-Noise reduction
-Privacy
-Durability

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45
Q

What are the types of timber doors?

A

-Ledged
-Ledged and braced and frames
-Ledged and braced

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46
Q

What should external softwood timber doors be treated with? And if not treated what should happen?

A

Preservative. Otherwise the tongued and grooved should be primed before assembly

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47
Q

What are panelled doors?

A

Doors rebated for glass or grooves for solar panels.

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48
Q

What materials can external doors be made from?

A

-Plastic UPVC
-Hardwood
-Powder coated aluminium
-Steel

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49
Q

What is a domestic flush door?

A

A door that has a thicc skin of plywood or hardwood on either side.

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50
Q

What are domestic flush doors made from?

A

Central core made from lattice or cellular core. Decorative veneer on either side

51
Q

What are windows?

A

An opening constructed in a wall or roof that function to admit light or air to an enclosure

52
Q

What is a window pane?

A

A framed section of a window usually filled with a sheet of glass or other transparent material

53
Q

What are windows made from?

A

Timber, powder coated aluminium, wood grained UPVC

54
Q

What are the functions of a window?

A

-Weather exclusion
-Security
-Resistance to air penetration in form of drafts
-Thermal and sound insulation
-Privacy
-Durability

55
Q

What is the head of a window?

A

The horizontal top member of a window

56
Q

What is the sill of a window?

A

The horizontal base of a window

57
Q

What is the stile of a window?

A

The vertical members of a window on outer edges

58
Q

What is a transom?

A

The horizontal member in a window frame

59
Q

What is the mullion?

A

The vertical member in a window frame

60
Q

What is double glazing?

A

Where two sheets of glass are placed together in sealed units.

61
Q

What does double glazing windows do?

A

-The space between the glass contains air which eliminates condensation between glass.
-Provides insulation

62
Q

What is a private stairway?

A

A stairway which serves one dwelling.
A series of steps with straight nosings on plan intended for use solely in connection with one dwelling.

63
Q

What are staircases usually made from?

A

Timber with MDF

64
Q

Where are stairways made?

A

In a workshop manufactured to specific dimensions. Then delivered to site

65
Q

What is the function of a staircase?

A

To allow peoples access from one floor to another in safety

66
Q

What must stairways be strong enough to do?

A

Carry weight of
-People
-Furniture
-Equipment

67
Q

What is the minimum going and minimum rise for domestic stairs?
What should each steps rise be?

A

220mm, the rise has to be the same for each step

68
Q

When are handrails needed on stairs?

A

If sides of stairs width is 1m wide or more

69
Q

What is the stairwell?

A

The space in which the stairs and landing are houses

70
Q

What is the tread?

A

Upper surface of a step on which foot is placed

71
Q

What is the riser?

A

The vertical member between two threads

72
Q

What is a step?

A

Rise plus thread

73
Q

What is nosing?

A

The exposed edge of tread usually rounded or splayed

74
Q

What is the handrail?

A

Member parallel to the string and spanning between newels or fixed to the wall

75
Q

What is the baluster?

A

Vertical infill members between spring and handrail

76
Q

What is the newel?

A

Post at bottom and top of flight supporting handrail

77
Q

What is the string?

A

Members into which the ends of treads and risers are housed and wedged

78
Q

What is the pitch line?

A

Line connecting the nosing of all treads in one flight

79
Q

What is the margin?

A

Space left between edge of nosing and edge of string

80
Q

What is the rise?

A

Vertical distance from top of one tread to top of the next

81
Q

What is the going?

A

Horizontal distance from face of one rise to face of the next

82
Q

What is the total going of flight?

A

Horizontal distance from face of first riser to face of trimmer

83
Q

What is the total rise of flight?

A

Vertical distance from surface of floor to surface of landing

84
Q

What are the types of walls in construction?

A

Stone
Brick
Timber
Industrial methods

85
Q

Where can you find stone walls?

A

Traditional walls of dwellings and industrial buildings were constructed from stone found locally

86
Q

What is the width of stone walls and what was missing?

A

400mm to 700mm in width. Most with no damp proof course

87
Q

How are stone walls binded?

A

Lime mortar or more recently sand and cement

88
Q

What was the first use of brick/block walls?

A

One brick thick walls

89
Q

Who were one brick thick walls constructed by?

A

Constructed cheaply by mill owners from bricks made locally

90
Q

What was the problem with one brick thick walls?

A

The solid wall allowed moisture to travel from the outside of the wall to the inside causing damp patches inside

91
Q

What was one brick thick walls method of construction?

A

Constructed in English bond, some had damp proof course

92
Q

What was cavity walls used for?

A

To prevent spread of damp inside of buildings.

93
Q

How were cavity walls constructed initially?

A

Two skins of brick or block joined together by twisted galvanised steel wall ties

94
Q

What did the twist in galvanised steel wall ties do?

A

Make moisture that tried to move across cavity fall off

95
Q

What was the next type of cavity wall used?

A

Cavity walls with inclusion of insulation and changes to stainless steel wall ties

96
Q

What were the first advantages of cavity walls?

A

-Prevention of damp penetration.
-Thermal insulation
-Cost efficient

97
Q

What needs to be done for current cavity wall construction to improve? Why?

A

Reduction in heat loss. This is to reduce energy demands to reduce greenhouse gases.

98
Q

What is a passive house?

A

Refers to rigorous and voluntary passivhaus standard for energy efficiency

99
Q

What buildings are passive designs usually now?

A

-Several office buildings
-Schools
-Supermarkets
-New builds
-Refurbishments

100
Q

What are the key features in a passive house?

A

-High levels of insulation
-Triple glazed windows facing south
-Draft proof building envelope
-Mechanical ventilation with heat recovery
-Minimised thermal bridging

101
Q

What is heat loss by thermal bridges?

A

Where special attention is given to elimination of thermal bridges where walls meet foundations, floors, roof and intersecting walls.

102
Q

How do timber framed houses transmit loads?

A

Onto foundation through common sole or base plate

103
Q

What are curtain wall structures?

A

A composite of mullion, transom and infill panels which may be glass or opaque material.

104
Q

Where is curtain walls normally used?

A

Rectangular framed structures

105
Q

What is on the interior of curtain wall structures?

A

Inner skin of block work

106
Q

What was the earliest method of floor construction?

A

Bare earthen floor.

107
Q

Why would a floor of been cobbled?

A

If a floor would receive continual wear

108
Q

What are cobbles?

A

Small stones placed over a floor in a fashion that they form a continuous solid surface

109
Q

What was the development of floors?

A

-Bare Earthen floors
-Cobbled floors
-Concrete floors
-Marbles, man made plastics, tiles and carpet

110
Q

How were cobbled walls packed together?

A

Lime mortar

111
Q

What was the development of walls?

A

-Stone walls
-Brick/Block walls (one brick thick walls)
-Cavity walls without insulation
-Cavity walls with insulation

112
Q

What are the different types of roofs?

A

-Pitched roof
-Cut roofs
-Roofs with trussed rafters
-Flat roofs

113
Q

What is a suspended floor?

A

a ground floor with a void underneath the structure

114
Q

What Is a suspended T-beam concrete floor?

A

a flooring system that combines pre-stressed concrete beams with standard building blocks.

115
Q

What do suspended T beam floors do?

A

creates a strong and comprehensive flooring package.

116
Q

What are suspended concrete floors advantages?

A

Sound insulation and fire resistance

117
Q

What does a suspended concrete floor consist of?

A

Precast Concrete planks which can carry loading up to a 5m clear span

118
Q

What are subfloors?

A

the layer above the joist, but below the underlayment

119
Q

What is a subfloor used for?

A

the foundation upon which your new flooring will be installed

120
Q

What is a suspended timber floor used for?

A

to control the ingress of pests and vermin

121
Q

What is a suspended concrete floor used for?

A

To allow air flow and ventilation to prevent the mould and dry rot that would otherwise occur over damp ground.

122
Q

What does retrofit mean?

A

To install new or modified parts in something previously manufactured or constructed

123
Q

When may retrofit be used?

A

To install, fit, or adapt (a device or system) for use with something older

Construction (2 decks)

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