SUSTAINABLE

Question 1

as defined by the United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) (as cited in Cruz, 2016), is “the management of all resources in such a way that economic, social, and aesthetic needs can be fulfilled while maintaining cultural integrity, essential ecological processes, biological diversity, and life support systems.”

Answer 1

Sustainable tourism

Question 2

Nature of Sustainable Tourism
It is essential for tourism to have possession of the following elements for it to be sustainable:

Answer 2

• Stakeholders are adept in their function/role.
• Presence of strong political leadership to make sure that there is a wide participation and collaboration in all key players.
• Impacts are continuously monitored, and preventive or corrective actions are utilized when necessary.
• Tourism should provide meaningful experience and high levels of satisfaction to tourists.
• Raising tourists’ awareness about the issues and practices in sustainability.

Question 3

For tourism to sustain itself, it must be able to continue for an indefinite time. This can only become possible if all the three (3) dimensions of sustainable development—namely

Answer 3

economy, society, and environment

Question 4

The framework above illustrates how development can be balanced among the three (3) dimensions according to the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (2015), which include the following:

Answer 4

• The fundamental policy objectives of tourism development should be based on the basic conditions of social justice and ecological sustainability.
• Policies for tourism development should seek long-term benefits for all.
• Measurement of progress in sustainable development should focus more on the three (3) dimensions instead of economic returns alone.
• Public policies must recognize that our planet’s resources are limited and cannot always be addressed through the use of technology.

Question 5

The balance among the three (3) dimensions will result in the following:

Answer 5

• A balance between the economic and environmental dimensions makes development viable or something that can be achieved.
• A balance between the economic and social dimensions makes development equitable or fair regarding the area of concern and its community.
• A balance between the environmental and social dimensions makes development as a tool for an area’s liveability or fit for human habitation.
• The balance of all three (3) dimensions makes development sustainable and may continue for an indefinite period.

Question 6

is an important aspect applied to tourism. Many definitions explain what sustainability is, but it could simply be defined as “the ability of something to continue for an indefinite period of time

Answer 6

Sustainability

Question 7

Tourism is dependent on various resources, such as man-made and natural environments, in order to provide the attraction to tourists. Sustainability of these resources is of high importance to maintain tourism and environments (natural and man-made) as the tourism activities are dependent on it.

Answer 7

Environmental Dependence

Question 9

Tourism provides economic opportunities and chances for local people, even in the remotest areas, to be involved in the global economy. The goal of tourism in the economic context is to grow local, regional, and national economies through profits made by providing tourism products and services.

Answer 9

Economic Activity

Question 10

Tourism also contributes to the welfare of people, particularly the poor. Some of the main goals of tourism in the social welfare context are to alleviate poverty and to empower marginalized groups such as women and minorities.

Answer 10

social welfare

Question 11

They are considered as the primary consumers of tourism products and services, including the environmental aspect. They are often viewed as the major causes of problems in tourism. In the perception of the host community, tourists can be blamed for the negative consequences tourism brings. However, there are efforts to establish regulations and policies to influence tourist behaviors. There are also attempts at educating tourists about the impacts they make in tourism sustainability so they can be utilized as contributors to the sustainability of tourism.

Answer 11

Tourists

Question 12

They can be described as a diverse set of people in geographical and political boundaries. They can be made up of several people coming from different ancestry, attitudes, backgrounds, and beliefs. However, they share a mutual understanding of preferences in various aspects of life and way of living. They can be a major attraction to tourists as they offer their cultural manifestations, which include artworks and crafts, music, dance, and religious festivals. There are also cases in which the tourists’ purpose for traveling is to experience life with the local community.

Answer 12

Local Communities/Residents

Question 13

It is argued that tourism is a beneficiary of a community’s resources (natural or man-made). Therefore, it is necessary for the local community to be a part of sustainable tourism development and management as it is considered as a key player. Swarbrooke (as cited in McCool & Bosak, 2016) justified the involvement of the local community in sustainable tourism through the following:

Answer 13

• The involvement of the local community in sustainable tourism is a part of the democratic process where they actively participate in the decision-making process.
• It gives the local community an avenue to ask questions and raise concerns regarding the direct effects of tourism in their community.
• The knowledge of local community can provide accurate information and proper guidance to the decisions that will be made regarding sustainable tourism.
• It can reduce potential conflicts between the tourists and the local community.

Question 14

Following Leiper’s model (1990), the tourism industry is composed of these three (3) sectors: This includes entities that generate or produce tourism products and content such as travel agents, tour operators, and travel media.

Answer 14

• Generating Zone

Question 14

They represent the views of taxpayers and electors. They are not commercial organizations whose goals are to make profit. Instead, they are democratically elected presidents who are in charge of running the sector with the support of paid civil service workers.

Answer 14

Public Sector (Government Agencies)

Question 15

The public sector is involved in sustainable tourism due to the following reasons:

Answer 15

• They are mandated to be representatives of the whole population.
• They focus on the benefits of all affected by tourism development.
• They can make long-term plans for sustainable tourism development than the private sector.
• They also have the ability to regulate and market tourism.

Question 16

The tourism industry, by definition, is very complex as it contains many dimensions—some of which don’t even consider themselves as part of the industry.

Answer 16

Tourism Industry

Question 17

It can be argued that the damages are often caused by the_________ of the tourism industry. They provide bulks of tourism products and services because their main objective is to gain profit by exploiting the resources of the destination.

Answer 17

private sectors

Question 17

is often blamed as the culprit of the damage to destinations and has no regard for its sustainable development and well-being.

Answer 17

industry

Question 18

Following Leiper’s model (1990), the tourism industry is composed of these three (3) sectors: This is mainly composed of the travel sector, such as airlines and rail companies.

Answer 18

• Transition Zone

Question 19

Following Leiper’s model (1990), the tourism industry is composed of these three (3) sectors: This contains the greatest variety of tourism industry organizations as it includes many forms of hospitality, entertainment, and visitor attraction providers like hotels, restaurants, and tourism sites.

Answer 19

• Destination Zone

Question 20

The private sector within the tourism industry manages its operation through the marketing mix, which comprises the four (4) P’s

Answer 20

product, price, promotion, and place.

Question 21

In 1998, Middleton and Hawkins added another “P” was added to the mix. The addition of another P into the mix presented the idea of managing tourist behavior.

Answer 21

PEOPLE

Question 22

helps in establishing relationships between tourism product or service providers and the consumers (tourists). This helps influence a tourist’s view of a destination as more than just a product.

Answer 22

marketing mix

Question 22

are now initiating to raise awareness on the impacts of tourism through environmentally sound activities such as recycling, promoting “green” holidays, and giving information. The local communities highly support these activities; some are even involved in some form of partnerships.

Answer 22

Tourism organizations

Question 23

– These are composed of pressure groups, voluntary trusts, charities, and industry organizations that address concerns about the impacts of tourism.

Answer 23

Voluntary Sector Organizations

Question 24

A wide sector of the media is directly involved in tourism. They provide tourism content made available to the public through television, radio, print, Internet, etc.

Answer 24

MEDIA

Question 24

is defined in three (3) ways according to Attfield (as cited in Wearing & Schweinsberg, 2019):

Answer 24

Environment

Question 25

The most common description of what environment is that it pertains to an individual’s surroundings for the duration of his/her life, including the society s/he associates himself/herself with.

Answer 25

As the surroundings.

Question 26

It is something that gives a sense of belonging and home

Answer 26

As perceived surroundings of a living organism.

Question 26

This definition is mostly associated with the natural environment which precedes and succeeds society such as mountains, rainforests, coral reefs, seas, and rivers.

Answer 26

As objective systems of nature.

Question 27

caves, mountains, beaches, seas, and oceans

Answer 27

• Natural Environment

Question 27

flora and fauna and wild animals

Answer 27

• Wildlife

Question 28

agricultural and poultry farms

Answer 28

• Farms

Question 29

infrastructure, villages, cities, and buildings

Answer 29

• Built Environment

Question 30

water and air

Answer 30

• Natural Resources

Question 31

tropical climate, dry climate, storm, and winter season

Answer 31

• Weather/Climate

Question 32

eclipses, tides, and volcanic eruptions

Answer 32

• Natural Phenomena

Question 33

refers to the complex relationship and linkage between organisms such as plants and animals found in water or soil

Answer 33

Ecosystem

Question 34

which include forests, desert, grassland, and mountain ecosystems; and

Answer 34

• Terrestrial ecosystems

Question 35

which include marine (saltwater) and freshwater ecosystems.

Answer 35

• Aquatic ecosystems

Question 36

Tourism can be a cause for the development of lands of a potential destination. People in charge of tourism development make efforts in improving the look of these potential destinations by constructing aesthetically pleasing landmarks and access roads. They also make sure that cleanliness and orderliness are observed as these contribute to the good quality of their area. For example, tourists who wanted to enjoy the white sand beaches of Boracay before had to hire small, privately owned boats to reach the island. Because of this positive impact of tourism to the area, there are many transportation options that are now available to reach the island—daily scheduled flights, being one.

Answer 36

Environmental quality and infrastructure improvement

Question 37

Infrastructure building for tourism purposes can also help build and enhance habitats for different animals and species. A perfect example of this positive impact is the Kansai International Airport in Japan. It was the first airport built on reclaimed land five (5) kilometers from Osaka Bay. Many feared that the construction of the airport would cause damage to marine life. On the contrary, it was designed to improve the marine ecosystem and help with the biodiversity conservation within the bay. It was reported that during the construction, slopes were installed around the airport island to create shallow waters in order

for seaweeds to get sunlight for survival and provide habitat for different species of fish and shellfish

Answer 37

Species regeneration

Question 38

Tourism can be a catalyst to start programs for environmental protection. This can be done by establishing policies that will limit the number of visitors and activities that can damage the natural resources. Another way for tourism to help with environmental protection is by setting up national parks and wildlife reserves. These designated areas set aside for special protection and preservation.

Answer 38

Environmental protection

Question 39

Structures that hold significant or historical value to a destination may be preserved through the help of tourism. Good examples are the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization’s (UNESCO) World Heritage Sites. Another way is to gather income from entrance fees to be used for the maintenance of historic buildings.

Answer 39

Preservation of buildings and monuments

Question 40

can be defined as “the temporary or permanent lowering of the productive capacity of land.” This negative impact is often caused by the migration of people to tourism centers and development of commercial establishments near tourist attractions. It leads to a sudden increase in population, which tend to be the culprit of overusing social service infrastructures such as public toilets, parks, and health centers.

Answer 40

Land degradation

Question 40

– Tourism is considered as a big contributor to environmental degradation through the production of wastes. Waste products include both biodegradable (e.g., food waste, leftovers, wastewater, and feces) and non-biodegradable (e.g., plastic, Styrofoam, and cigarette butts). The primary suspects are the careless behavior and utter disregard of tourists for the environment. Lack of facilities for proper waste disposal is also a factor.

Answer 40

WASTE

Question 41

This is often caused by the release of harmful gases that affect the health of the Earth’s atmosphere. Transportation is considered as one of the big contributors to air pollution as it is responsible for 90% of greenhouse gas emissions, especially carbon dioxide, produced by tourism- related activities. This causes global warming, climate change, and the melting of glaciers in the Arctic Ocean.

Answer 41

AIR POLLUTION

Question 42

– It is caused by commercial and industrial sources that discharge wastewater (e.g., untreated domestic sewage and chemical contaminants into surface waters).

Answer 42

WATER POLLUTION

Question 43

– It can be described as “the excessive, misdirected, or obtrusive artificial light” (Globe a Night, n.d.). It is often seen from strong lights coming from airports, seaports, beach, resorts, hotels, street lights, and neon signage in entertainment districts.

Answer 43

LIGHT POLLUTION

Question 44

It is considered as a public health hazard and can cause loss of contrast and temporary blindness in people, making driving difficult.

Answer 44

GLARE

Question 45

– It is described as the unwanted light that enters one’s property, often causing a person to lose sleep.

Answer 45

Light trespass

Question 46

It is described as the loss of aesthetic appeal often caused by the presence of unpleasant or distracting sights. Some examples of this are overhead power lines, motorway billboards, and open storage of trash bins and litter.

Answer 46

• Visual pollution

Question 47

It is mostly generated by the transportation sector and industrial equipment. This is when the noise generated in an area exceeds a level, measured in decibels (dB), that is not acceptable.

Answer 47

NOISE POLLUTION

Question 48

its components and industries operating under or in accordance with its objectives leave a heavy carbon footprint, or the traces of tourism infrastructures and activities that heavily contribute to greenhouse gas and carbon emissions, resulting into climate change. may include melting of ice glaciers, increased sea levels, and more intense heat waves

Answer 48

CLIMATE CHANGE

Question 49

This problem is caused by resort owners who fully exploit beach fronts. They try to extend their properties near the shoreline in order to give a more remarkable experience to tourists. This also causes overcrowding, thus resulting in a lack of space intended for protected zones within the shorelines.

Answer 49

Beach encroachment and crowding

Question 50

If not properly regulated, tourism can contribute to the depletion of natural resources. Water, being one of which tourism is dependent on, is also a victim of this negative impact. The scarcity of water is partly associated with pollution, uncontrolled development, and increase in population caused by tourism- related activities.

Answer 50

Water stress

Question 51

There are a couple of ways where tourism can contribute to the extinction of animal species. One is by exploiting animals as food products. In some countries, there are exotic delicacies offered to tourists (e.g., sea turtle eggs and meat). Another is by hunting wild animals for meat production, usage of their unique body parts as decoration and souvenir items, and the like.

Answer 51

Animal species extinction

Question 51

This is caused by the destruction of natural and native vegetation to make way for the construction of tourism infrastructures like theme parks, resorts, and hotels. It disrupts the natural flow of wildlife and destroys other organisms that can be sources of food and habitat.

Answer 51

Habitat fragmentation

Question 52

– This is often caused by tourism water activities such as scuba diving and snorkeling. Anchoring of boats and yachts also cause physical damage to coral reefs. Tourists collecting rare species of corals as souvenir items hasten their extinction. Constructing resorts also contribute damage to coral reefs due to the toxic chemicals coming from them, which can contaminate the waters as well.

Answer 52

Damage to coral reefs

Question 53

is a statement of an organization pertaining to its position and values regarding the environment.

Answer 53

environmental corporate policy

Question 53

The concept of environmental management is concerned with the environment surrounding a business. It serves as the representation of the structure, sequence, and process for the implementation of environmental corporate policy

Answer 53

environmental management

Question 53

is a finite resource if the development of tourism as an industry remains unregulated. Without environmental consideration, it can lead to several environmental issues. Guidelines must be set so that tourism can be sustainable and be used for the welfare of the environment

Answer 53

environment

Question 54

an executive department of the government responsible for the welfare of the country’s natural resources, provided guidelines for the Ecotourism Planning and Management in the country.

Answer 54

Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR),

Question 55

aims to recognize and operationalize ecotourism, which is defined as “a form of sustainable tourism within a natural and cultural heritage area aimed to foster and enrich both the host community and visitor satisfaction.” The primary objective is to conserve and sustain the use of natural resources in protected areas.
It also defines protected areas as “identified portions of land and water set aside for their unique physical and biological significance, managed to enhance biological diversity and protected against destructive human exploitation.”

Answer 55

Department Administrative Order (DAO) No. 2013-19

Question 56

regulates ecotourism development through its concepts and principles and ensures the equality between the communities and stakeholders in terms of participation and benefits.

Answer 56

Department Administrative Order (DAO) No. 2013-19

Question 57

These are the following internationally accepted concepts and principles of ecotourism:

Answer 57

• Conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity
• Ownership by the local communities providing them business opportunities to sustain their well-being
• Gender responsiveness and adherence to inclusive growth that considers women, children, indigenous peoples, and informal sector activities
• Promotion of learning experience and conservation awareness
• Responsible action on the part of the tourists and the tourism industry
• Delivery to an appropriate number of participants and businesses that observe and follow ecotourism and conservation concepts, ensuring appropriate development and visitor control.

Question 58

Listed below are the specific objectives of the Administrative Order:

Answer 58

• To institutionalize ecotourism planning and management process in protected area management
• To promote advocacy on the concept and principles of ecotourism
• To introduce ecotourism businesses in protected areas both as a conservation strategy and an economic development option through viable business partnerships with the local government units or the private sector
• To promote inclusive equity of socio-economic benefits to the local community and indigenous cultural communities and encourage community participation
• To ensure the participation of both women and men in ecotourism planning and management and that gender-related issues are addressed in the ecotourism management plan.

Question 59

is defined as “the state of a country or region in terms of the production and consumption of goods and services and the supply of money

Answer 59

Economy

Question 60

is considered as one of the industries that serves as the cornerstone of the country’s economy.

Answer 60

tourism

Question 61

declares tourism as “an indispensable element of the national economy and an industry of national interest and importance, which must be harnessed as an engine of socio-economic growth and cultural affirmation to generate investment, foreign exchange, and employment.”

Answer 61

Tourism Act of 2009

Question 62

can contribute to the economy through the tourism multiplier effect,

Answer 62

tourism

Question 63

the revenue generated by inbound tourism that flows into a country, region, or location which injects new resources into the economy”

Answer 63

tourism multiplier effect

Question 64

This comes in the form of tourism investments, government spending for tourism development, and purchase made from suppliers of the commodities used for tourism. The examples of suppliers are farms for food and delicacy products, industrial and utility companies for electricity and water, and training centers for human resource needs. (e.g., restaurants buying fresh milk from farms for supply)

Answer 64

Indirect effect

Question 65

This effect is caused by tourist expenditures in commodities such as accommodation, transportation, food, and attractions. These spending activities are beneficial to industries that are directly involved with the said commodities. The main sources of tourism spending are domestic travel and visitor exports or international travel spending. (e.g., tourists booking flights and hotel accommodations and visitors purchasing tickets for transportation)

Answer 65

direct effect

Question 66

this refers to the long term and large scale effects of tourism such as skill enhancements for better chances of landing a job, availability of better social services (health, education, and security), and infrastructure development (airport, roads, and railways). (e.g., increase of job opportunities in hotels and airports and construction of public restrooms and sidewalks due to the increasing number of visitors)

Answer 66

dynamic effect

Question 67

It refers to the broader contribution of tourism through the expenditure of people who are directly and indirectly employed by the tourism industry such as food, beverage, clothing, and recreation. (e.g., hotel staff purchasing food from nearby restaurants for lunch and airline employees buying new clothes using money from their salaries)

Answer 67

Induced effect

Question 68

Tourism has a wide job market ranging from entry-level positions (e.g., hotel front desk staff, room attendants, servers, concierge, and airline ground staff) to more advanced positions (e.g., supervisory and managerial positions, executive chef, and flight purser). Other positions include administrative duties and back office positions such as auditors, clerks, and support systems staff.

Answer 68

job creation

Question 69

are created in tourism through its value chain

Answer 69

jobs

Question 70

comprises the suppliers that provide and carry out the needed inputs for tourism operations including entities like construction and hardware companies for building tourism infrastructures (airports, railroads, and highways) that indirectly benefit from tourism development

Answer 70

value chain

Question 71

Tourism creates opportunities for small-scale businesses, of which is beneficial to the economy. Their involvement in tourism ranges from selling handicrafts and souvenir items to other forms of tourism,

Answer 71

livelihood

Question 72

where a farm offers farm-related education and experience (e.g., planting crops, milking the cows, and harvesting chicken eggs).

Answer 72

agritourism

Question 73

This pertains to the economic impact of tourism in which the places of origin and transit routes going to the destination also take its share of tourism-generated income. Examples of this are food and beverage products purchased in stopover routes, toiletries brought from convenience stores along expressways, and fuel at gasoline stations.

Answer 73

Share of tourism income

Question 74

The government earns from tourism by imposing various fees in processing tourism-related documents such as passport fees, visa fees, and fees for using tourism infrastructures such as parking and airport fees. They also gain income from imposing taxes on tourism businesses.

Answer 74

Taxes and fees

Question 75

– This negative impact is mostly accustomed to supplies sourced outside a tourist destination. This happens when specific items needed for a tourism operation are not available within the area. Some examples may include raw food items needed for international cuisines served at restaurants and imported cloth and linen for hotel beds.

Answer 75

leakage

Question 76

Some argue that tourism employees are subject to low job security. This problem is mostly associated with the practice of outsourcing and contractualization in which an employee works with a tourism-related establishment on a limited time basis or depending on the season. Once the employee’s tenure ends, s/he will have to wait for another season or available opportunity to be employed.

Answer 76

Seasonality of jobs

Question 77

As tourism presents investment opportunities, local communities tend to rely on the industry as the main source of their income and economic improvement. This makes them vulnerable to the natural and man-made events that can disrupt tourism operations and its value chain.

Answer 77

Overdependence

Question 78

Tourism development, when prioritized by the government, can take a huge part of the national budget. In this case, other projects that may have been more beneficial to the citizens, such as social services, education, assistance to the poor, and health services, will suffer a huge budget cut.

Answer 78

Opportunity cost

Question 79

It represents the “total consumption expenditure made by a visitor or on behalf of a visitor for and during his/her trip and stay at the destination”

Answer 79

tourism consumption

Question 79

is reported to be one of the largest economic sectors in the world over the past few decades. According to the Philippine Statistics Authority, in 2017, Philippine tourism’s contribution to the economy is at 12.2 percent (Php 1,929.3 billion).

Answer 79

tourism

Question 80

, is defined as a person traveling for both leisure and business. S/He uses his/her own resources, such as cash coming from personal income or savings, for tourism consumption.

Answer 80

visitor

Question 81

as accommodation, food and beverage services, passenger transportation, and travel agencies services

Answer 81

products created by tourism industries

Question 82

such as fuel or tobacco

Answer 82

tourism-connected products

Question 83

such as cosmetics, shoes, or other goods (mostly pasalubong items especially for Filipino tourists).

Answer 83

non-tourism-related consumption products

Question 84

Tourism for the past few years has continued its progress through the emergence of new destinations. During early times, the majority of international tourism was concentrated in several well-known countries like the United States of America and the United Kingdom. Most countries nowadays, if not all, promote themselves as tourist destinations. It was reported that the well-known countries’ share of international tourist arrivals have dropped as emerging destinations took their share and continue to level up their competitiveness, as reflected on the higher spending of visitors within their territories.

Answer 84

emergence of new destinations

Question 85

In the 1980 Manila Declaration, the World Tourism Organization (now United Nations World Tourism Organization) articulated

Answer 85

Filling the Economic Imbalance

Question 86

can contribute to the establishment of a new international economic order that will help to eliminate the widening economic imbalance between developed and developing countries and ensure the steady acceleration of economic and social development and progress, in particular in developing countries.

Answer 86

world tourism

Question 87

is recognized to have a positive effect on the increase of long-run economic growth through different channels.”

Answer 87

international tourism

Question 88

Tourism is considered as one of the principal sources of foreign exchange earnings that can contribute to the balance of payments, especially for developing countries. Balance of payments is the record of all international trade and financial transactions that a country’s residents make.

Answer 88

• Foreign exchange earnings

Question 89

Tourism generates employment and livelihood opportunities, especially for local communities who are dependent on tourism as their main source of income.

Answer 89

• Source of income and employment

Question 90

Tourism encourages infrastructure development of other economic sectors and human capital development which provides people, especially local communities, with programs that will help develop technical skills.

Answer 90

• Prompts local competition and investments in infrastructure