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Higher Biology > Sustainability and Interdependence, KA 1-4 > Flashcards

Sustainability and Interdependence, KA 1-4 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is food security?

A

Food security is the ability of human populations to access food of sufficient quality and quantity.

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2
Q

Why is there a demand for increased food production?

A

Increase in human population and concern for food security leads to a demand for increased food production.

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3
Q

What must we ensure food production is?

A

Food production must be sustainable and not degrade the natural resources on which agriculture depends.

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4
Q

What does food production depend on?

A

All food production is dependent ultimately upon photosynthesis.
Agricultural production depends on factors that control photosynthesis and plant growth.

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5
Q

What does increased food production depend on?

A

Increased food production will depend on factors that control plant growth:
Breeding of higher yielding cultivars
Use of fertiliser
Protecting crops from pests, diseases and competition

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6
Q

Examples of plant crops

A

Plant crop examples include cereals, potato, roots and legumes.

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7
Q

How do breeders deal with the limited area for crop growth?

A

Breeders seek to develop crops with:
Higher nutritional values,
Resistance to pests and diseases,
Physical characteristics suited to rearing and harvesting
The ability to thrive in particular environmental conditions

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8
Q

Farming of livestock

A

Livestock produce less food per unit area than crop plants due to loss of energy between trophic levels in the food chain.
Livestock production is often possible in habitats unsuitable for growing crops.

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9
Q

What happens to absorbed light in photosynthesis?

A

Light energy is absorbed by photosynthetic pigments to generate ATP and for photolysis.

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10
Q

What happens to light energy that is not absorbed?

A

Light energy not absorbed is transmitted or reflected.

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11
Q

Absorption of different wavelengths of light

A

Each pigment absorbs a different range of wavelengths of light.
Chlorophyll a and b absorb mainly blue/violet and red/orange light.
Carotenoids absorb a range of wavelengths including green/blue light.

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12
Q

What do carotenoids do?

A

Carotenoids extend the range of wavelengths absorbed and pass the energy to chlorophyll for photosynthesis.

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13
Q

The light dependent stage of photosynthesis

A

Absorbed light energy excites electrons in the pigment molecule.
Transfer of these electrons through the electron transport chain releases energy to generate ATP by ATP synthase.
Energy is also used for photolysis, in which water is split into oxygen, which is evolved, and hydrogen ions, which are transferred to the coenzyme NADP, forming NADPH.

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14
Q

The carbon fixation stage of photosynthesis

A

In the carbon fixation stage (Calvin cycle), the enzyme RuBisCO fixes carbon dioxide by attaching it to ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP).
The 3-phosphoglycerate (3PG) produced is phosphorylated by ATP and combined with hydrogen ions from NADPH to form glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P).
G3P is used to regenerate RuBP and for the synthesis of glucose.

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15
Q

What are the possible fates of glucose produced during photosynthesis?

A

Glucose may be used as a respiratory substrate, synthesised into starch or cellulose or passed to other biosynthetic pathways.
These biosynthetic pathways can lead to the formation of a variety of metabolites such as DNA, protein and fat.

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16
Q

Why are plants and animals bred?

A

To improve characteristics to help support sustainable food production.

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17
Q

Breeders develop crops and animals with…

A
  1. Higher food yields
  2. Higher nutritional values
  3. Pest and disease resistance
  4. The ability to thrive in particular environmental conditions
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18
Q

Where and why are plant field trials carried out?

A

Plant field trials are carried out in a range of environments to compare the performance of different cultivars or treatments and to evaluate GM crops.

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19
Q

What must be considered when designing a field trial?

A
  1. The selection of treatments to ensure valid comparisons
  2. The number of replicates to take account of the variability within the sample
  3. The randomisation of treatments to eliminate bias when measuring treatment effects
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20
Q

What is inbreeding?

A

In inbreeding, selected related plants or animals are bred for several generations until the population breeds true to the desired type due to the elimination of heterozygotes.

21
Q

What can inbreeding result in?

A

An increase in the frequency of individuals who are homozygous for recessive deleterious alleles.
These individuals will do less well at surviving to reproduce.
This results in inbreeding depression.

22
Q

How can new alleles be introduced to plant and animal lines?

A

By crossing a cultivar or breed with an individual with a different, desired genotype.

23
Q

Crossbreeding in animals

A

In animals, individuals from different breeds may produce a new crossbreed population (F1 hybrid) with improved characteristics.

24
Q

In crossbreeding, why are the two parent breeds maintained?

A

The two parent breeds can be maintained to produce more crossbred animals showing the improved characteristic.
F1 hybrids are not usually bred together as the F2 produced shows too much variation.

25
Q

Crossbreeding in plants

A

In plants, F1 hybrids, produced by the crossing of two different inbred lines, create a relatively uniform heterozygous crop.

26
Q

What do F1 plant hybrids often have?

A

F1 hybrids often have increased vigour and yield.

Plants with increased vigour may have increased disease resistance or increased growth rate.

27
Q

Why is genome sequencing useful in breeding?

A

As a result of genome sequencing, organisms with desirable genes can be identified and then used in breeding programmes.

28
Q

How are GM crops used in breeding programmes?

A

Breeding programmes can involve crop plants that have been genetically modified using recombinant DNA technology.
Single genes for desirable characteristics can be inserted into the genomes of crop plants, creating genetically modified plants with improved characteristics.

29
Q

Give two examples of recombinant DNA technology being used in plant breeding

A
  1. Insertion of Bt toxin gene into plants for pest resistance
  2. Glyphosate resistance gene inserted for herbicide tolerance
30
Q

What reduces productivity?

A
  1. Weeds competing with crop plants

2. Other pests and diseases that damage crop plants

31
Q

Properties of annual weeds

A
  1. Rapid growth
  2. Short life cycle
  3. High seed output
  4. Long-term seed viability
32
Q

Properties of perennial weeds

A
  1. Storage organs

2. Vegetative reproduction

33
Q

What are most pests of crop plants?

A

Invertebrate animals such as insects, nematode worms and molluscs.

34
Q

What are plant diseases caused by?

A

Fungi, bacteria or viruses, which are often carried by invertebrates.

35
Q

Control of weeds, other pests and diseases by cultural methods

A

Ploughing, weeding and crop rotation.

36
Q

Pesticides include…

A 
Herbicides to kill weeds 
Fungicides to control fungal diseases 
Insecticides to kill insect pests
Molluscicides to kill mollusc pests  
Nematicides to kill nematode pests
37
Q

How do selective herbicides work?

A

They have a greater effect on certain plant species (broad leaved weeds).

38
Q

How does systemic herbicide work?

A

It spreads through vascular system of plant and prevents regrowth.

39
Q

How do systemic insecticides, molluscicides and

nematicides work?

A

They spread through the vascular system of plants and kill pests feeding on plants.

40
Q

Problems with pesticides

A
  1. Toxicity to non-target species
  2. Persistence in the environment (bioaccumulation or
    biomagnification in food chains)
  3. Producing resistant populations of pests
41
Q

What are bioaccumulation and biomagnification?

A

Bioaccumulation is a build-up of a chemical in an organism.

Biomagnification is an increase in the concentration of a chemical moving between trophic levels.

42
Q

Disease forecast

A

Applications of fungicide based on disease forecasts are more effective than treating diseased crops.

43
Q

How does biological control work?

A

In biological control the control agent is a natural predator, parasite or pathogen of the pest.

44
Q

Risks with biological control

A

The control organism may become an invasive species, parasite, prey on or be a pathogen of other species.

45
Q

What is integrated pest management?

A

Integrated pest management is a combination of chemical, biological and cultural control.

46
Q

Ethics in farming

A

Intensive farming is less ethical than free range farming due to poorer animal welfare.

47
Q

Free range farming

A

Free range requires more land and is more labour intensive.

However, it can be sold at a higher price and animals have a better quality of life.

48
Q

Intensive farming

A

Intensive farming often creates conditions of poor animal welfare.
However, it is often more cost effective, generating higher profit as costs are low.

49
Q

Behavioural indicators of poor animal welfare

A
  1. Stereotypy (repetitive movement patterns)
  2. Misdirected behaviour (behaviour used in the wrong context)
  3. Failure in sexual or parental behaviour
  4. Altered levels of activity (very low (apathy) or very high (hysteria) levels of activity)

Higher Biology (7 decks)

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