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H Biology > sustainability and interdependence > Flashcards

sustainability and interdependence Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

importance of biodiveristy

A

to maintain a wide variety of genetically diverse species

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2
Q

3 ways to measure biodiversity

A

species diversity
genetic diversity
ecosystem diversity

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3
Q

3 threats to biodiversity

A

human exploitation (overexploitation)
bottleneck effect
habitat corridors

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4
Q

explain over exploitation

A

when resource stock is placed under too much pressure leaving too few mature individuals that could produce the next gen.

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5
Q

explain the bottleneck effect

A

a sharp reduction in population due to a natural disaster resulting in a change in the frequency of alleles and a decrease in genetic variation

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6
Q

explain habitat corridors

A

a natural or man-made area of habitat that connects two habitat fragments allowing individuals to move between populations and helps to restore biodiversity

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7
Q

what is a naturalised species

A

a species which was originally invasive but has become established within the community

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8
Q

Annual weeds

A

Short life cycle
Rapid growth
High number of seeds produced
Dormant seeds remain viable for a long time

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9
Q

Perennial weeds

A

Long life cycle
Vegetative reproduction
Storage organs

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10
Q

Cultural control of weed growth (3)

A

Ploughing- top soil is turned over to bury perennial weeds
Removal of weeds- removed early in life of the crop, allowing the crop to get a head start
Crop rotation- different crops are grown each year to prevent the build up of pathogens

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11
Q

Chemical control pesticides (4)

A

Insecticides
Fungicides
Molluscicides
Nematocides

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11
Q

2 types of herbicides

A

Selective- stimulates growth until the plant exhausts its food resource and dies
Systematic- absorbed by the weeds vascular system where it’s transported around the plant and therefore prevents growth

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12
Q

Bioaccumulation

A

A build up of a chemical in an organism

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13
Q

Biomagnification

A

An increase in the concentration of a chemical moving between the trophic levels

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14
Q

Biological control

A

The control of a pest by the introduction of a natural predator

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15
Q

Integrated pest management

A

A strategy for controlling pests by combing the use of biological, cultural and chemical practices

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16
Q

Selective breeding is used to improve for,

A

Higher food yields
Higher nutritional value
Pest and disease resistance
Ability to thrive in particular environments

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17
Q

Why are plant field trials used for?

A

The see the difference in plant cultivars in the same conditions
To see the effect of environmental conditions have on a cultivar

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18
Q

When designing field trials you have to take in account for,

A

The selection of treatments-used to make a valid comparison
Number of replications- take account for the variability
Randomisation of treatments- to eliminate bias

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19
Q

Consequence of inbreeding

A

Decreased yield and decreased size

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20
Q

By what means can new alleles be introduced to a plant cultivar that is beginning to show inbreeding depression?

A

Crossbreeding

21
Q

What does the Bt toxin do?

A

It gives plants a greater resistance to pests

22
Q

factors effecting metabolic rate

A

Ph
salinity
temperature

23
Q

why is it important to regulate temperature in the body?

A

so enzyme controlled reactions occur at their optimum

24
Q

the bodies temperature monitoring centre?

A

hypothalamus

25
Q

what is homeostasis

A

the bodies internal temperature in maintained within certain tolerable limits despite changes int he external environment

26
Q

increase in body temperature results in…

A

vasodilation
sweating
erector muscles relax
reduction in metabolism

27
Q

decrease in body temperature results in…

A

vasoconstriction
hair erector muscles contract
reduced sweating
shivering
increase in metabolism

28
Q

The 5 freedoms

A

Freedom from:
Hunger and thirst
Discomfort
Pain, injury and disease
To behave normally
Fear and distress

29
Q

Indicators of poor welfare

A

Stereotype- repetitive movement
Misdirected behaviour- a normal behaviour which is directed at others or themselves
Failure in sexual or parental behaviour- natural patterns of sexual behaviour either in terms of parenting or timing or action doesn’t happen. Abnormal parenting.
Levels of activity- apathy(very low) or hysteria (very high) levels of activity

30
Q

Symbiosis definition

A

The relationship between two different species in direct contact with each other

31
Q

What is the symbiosis when one organism benefits and the other doesn’t

A

Parasitism

32
Q

What is the symbiosis where both organisms benefit

A

Mutualism

33
Q

How can parasites be transmitted

A

Direct contact
Release of resistance stages (life cycle movements)
Use of a vector

34
Q

Advantages of a social hierarchy

A

Increased change of survival due to:
Aggression is ritualised
Real fighting is kept to a minimum
Serious injury is avoided
Energy is conserved
Experienced leadership is guaranteed
Most powerful animals pass on their genes

35
Q

Advantages of co-operative hunting

A

All members receive food
More food is gained
Hunting success is greater
Individual energy output is less

36
Q

Advantages of staying is groups for safety

A

Weak, old and young are protected
Many eyes and ears to spot/hear danger
Predators are less likely to attack
If attacked multiple movements will confuse a predator

37
Q

Examples of defensive movement in groups

A

Mobbing
Specialised formation

38
Q

What is altruism

A

When an animal will behave in a way that disadvantages them whilst benefiting another animal

39
Q

What is Kin selection

A

Acts of apparent altruism carried out to help close relations

40
Q

3 types of honey bees

A

Queen
Workers
Drones

41
Q

Worker bees roles

A

Cleaning out cells
Feeding and grooming larve
Storing pollen
Foraging for food
Protecting the hive

42
Q

Pigments involved with photosynthesis

A

Chlorophyll a and b
Carotenoids

43
Q

What is photolysis

A

The splitting of water

44
Q

Explain light reactions

A

Light is absorbed by the pigment causing electrons to become excited.
Electrons move through electron transport chain, releasing energy, to generate ATP by ATP synthase.
The energy released is used to split water into oxygen and hydrogen which is then combined with NADP to form NADPH

45
Q

What is the enzyme that controls carbon fixations

A

RuBisCO

46
Q

Explain carbon fixations

A

CO2 combines with RuBP to form 3PG then it undergoes phosphorylation and combines with hydrogen ions to form G3P, some G3P is used to regenerate RuBP and the remainder is used to synthesis glucose

47
Q

Uses of glucose

A

-respiration
-starch
-cellulose
biosynthesis pathways:
-DNA
-proteins
-fat

48
Q

What does an absorption spectrum show

A

The absorption of light of each wavelength by each pigment

49
Q

What does an action spectrum show

A

The rate of photosynthesis at each light wavelength

50
Q

Adequate food security

A

Quality
Quantity
Access

51
Q

2 components of species diversity

A

Number of different species
Relative abundance

H Biology (3 decks)

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