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H Biology > Metabolism And Survival > Flashcards

Metabolism And Survival Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Process of glycolysis

A

4ATP^
Glucose ->intermediates->pyruvate
2ATP^ NAD~NADH

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2
Q

Requirements for glycolysis

A

Glucose
Dehydrogenase enzyme

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3
Q

Location of glycolysis

A

Cytoplasm

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4
Q

Products of glycolysis

A

Pyruvate
NADH
2ATP

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5
Q

Citric acid cycle

A

Coenzyme A⬇️
Pryruvate -> acetyl -> acetyl coenzyme A -> acetyl -> citrate ->
Out-CO2. NAD-> NADH. ADP + Pi->ATP
oxoalcetable(links back to acetyl)

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6
Q

Location of the citric acid cycle

A

Central Matrix of the mitochondria

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7
Q

Requirements for the citric acid cycle

A

Pyruvate and dehydrogenase

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8
Q

Products of the citric acid cycle

A

CO2 ATP NADH

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9
Q

Location of the electron transport chain

A

Inner mitochondrial

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10
Q

Requirements for the electron transport chain

A

NADH oxygen

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11
Q

Products of the electron transport chain

A

Lots of ATP and water

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12
Q

Electron transport chain

A

NADH->NAD
H goes the an area of high H then through ATP synthase enzyme turning it converting ADP+Pi into ATP and then combines with the e- and O2 to make water
e- goes through the carrier protein then through ATP synthase, the e- then combine with H and O2 to form water

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13
Q

2 important techniques used in genetically improving micro-organisms

A

1.mutagenesis
2.recombinant DNA technology

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14
Q

mutagenesis definition

A

a process where the genetic information of an organism is altered resulting in a mutation

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15
Q

vector defintion

A

a DNA molecule used to carry foreign genetic information into another cell

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16
Q

restriction endonuclease

A

an enzyme that can cut open plasmids and specific genes out of a chromosome, leaving complementary base pairs

17
Q

sticky end

A

unpaired nucleotides of one DNA strand which extends beyond the other

18
Q

restriction site

A

short target sequence found on a strand of a DNA molecule where a cut is made by restriction endonuclease

19
Q

ligase

A

an enzyme that can seal a gene into a plasmid

20
Q

selectable marker gene

A

protect the microorganism from an agent that would normally kill it

21
Q

origin of replication

A

particular part of DNA molecule where replication has started

22
Q

regulatory sequence

A

the control of gene expression is the function of regulatory sequences found in artificial chromosomes and recombinant plasmids

23
Q

why are microorganisms used in research? (5)

A

easy to culture
food substate is cheap
produce many different products
metabolism can be controlled
reproduce and grow quickly

24
Q

environmental conditions conditions that can be controlled (4)

A

oxygen
temperature
glucose concentration
PH

25
Q

requirements for growing microorganisms

A

growth medium (agar)
energy source (carbohydrate)
molecules to make new cell (amino acids, fatty acids….)
light for photosynthesising organisms

26
Q

sterile conditions are needed to avoid….

A

competition with micro-organisms
contamination of the product

27
Q

lag phase

A

enzymes start to work to metabolise substrates
makes energy available for growth

28
Q

log/exponential phase

A

rapid growth of the microorganisms population due to plentiful nutrients

29
Q

stationary phase

A

reduction in nutrient availability and start to build up of toxic metabolites
antibiotics are produced

30
Q

death phase

A

accumulation of toxic metabolites

31
Q

what is the paper that allows for a very wide range of results to be plotted

A

semi-logathmic graph paper

32
Q

what is the total cell count

A

living and dead microorganisms

32
Q

what is the viable cell count

A

only living microorganisms

33
Q

What does the addition of Bt toxin mean

A

A decrease in the use of chemicals

H Biology (3 decks)

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