Metabolism And Survival Flashcards
Process of glycolysis
4ATP^
Glucose ->intermediates->pyruvate
2ATP^ NAD~NADH
Requirements for glycolysis
Glucose
Dehydrogenase enzyme
Location of glycolysis
Cytoplasm
Products of glycolysis
Pyruvate
NADH
2ATP
Citric acid cycle
Coenzyme A⬇️
Pryruvate -> acetyl -> acetyl coenzyme A -> acetyl -> citrate ->
Out-CO2. NAD-> NADH. ADP + Pi->ATP
oxoalcetable(links back to acetyl)
Location of the citric acid cycle
Central Matrix of the mitochondria
Requirements for the citric acid cycle
Pyruvate and dehydrogenase
Products of the citric acid cycle
CO2 ATP NADH
Location of the electron transport chain
Inner mitochondrial
Requirements for the electron transport chain
NADH oxygen
Products of the electron transport chain
Lots of ATP and water
Electron transport chain
NADH->NAD
H goes the an area of high H then through ATP synthase enzyme turning it converting ADP+Pi into ATP and then combines with the e- and O2 to make water
e- goes through the carrier protein then through ATP synthase, the e- then combine with H and O2 to form water
2 important techniques used in genetically improving micro-organisms
1.mutagenesis
2.recombinant DNA technology
mutagenesis definition
a process where the genetic information of an organism is altered resulting in a mutation
vector defintion
a DNA molecule used to carry foreign genetic information into another cell
restriction endonuclease
an enzyme that can cut open plasmids and specific genes out of a chromosome, leaving complementary base pairs
sticky end
unpaired nucleotides of one DNA strand which extends beyond the other
restriction site
short target sequence found on a strand of a DNA molecule where a cut is made by restriction endonuclease
ligase
an enzyme that can seal a gene into a plasmid
selectable marker gene
protect the microorganism from an agent that would normally kill it
origin of replication
particular part of DNA molecule where replication has started
regulatory sequence
the control of gene expression is the function of regulatory sequences found in artificial chromosomes and recombinant plasmids
why are microorganisms used in research? (5)
easy to culture
food substate is cheap
produce many different products
metabolism can be controlled
reproduce and grow quickly
environmental conditions conditions that can be controlled (4)
oxygen
temperature
glucose concentration
PH
requirements for growing microorganisms
growth medium (agar)
energy source (carbohydrate)
molecules to make new cell (amino acids, fatty acids….)
light for photosynthesising organisms
sterile conditions are needed to avoid….
competition with micro-organisms
contamination of the product
lag phase
enzymes start to work to metabolise substrates
makes energy available for growth
log/exponential phase
rapid growth of the microorganisms population due to plentiful nutrients
stationary phase
reduction in nutrient availability and start to build up of toxic metabolites
antibiotics are produced
death phase
accumulation of toxic metabolites
what is the paper that allows for a very wide range of results to be plotted
semi-logathmic graph paper
what is the total cell count
living and dead microorganisms
what is the viable cell count
only living microorganisms
What does the addition of Bt toxin mean
A decrease in the use of chemicals
