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Higher Biology > Sustainability And Interdependance > Flashcards

Sustainability And Interdependance Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

light which strikes a leaf may be:

A

reflected, transmitted, absorbed

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2
Q

net assimilation

A

increase in mass due to photosynthesis minus the loss due to respiration

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3
Q

productivity

A

rate of generation of new biomass per unit area per unit time

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4
Q

biological yield

A

total plant biomass

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5
Q

economic yield

A

mass of desired product

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6
Q

harvest index

A

dry mass of economic yield/dry mass of biological yield

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7
Q

Why does livestock produce less food per unit area than plant crops?

A

due to loss of energy between each trophic level

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8
Q

When is livestock production possible?

A

in habitats unsuitable for growing crops

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9
Q

Ways of improving yield for plant crops

A

breeding of higher yielding cultivars, use of fertilisers, protecting crops from pests, disease and competition

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10
Q

What is energy captured by photosynthetic pigments for?

A

to generate ATP for photolysis

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11
Q

Photosynthetic pigments:

A

chlorophyll a and b, carotene, xanthophyll

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12
Q

Chlorophyllls a and b:

A
  • absorb blue and red light

- participate directly in light reactions

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13
Q

What are carotenoids for?

A

they absorb other wavelengths of light and this energy is passed onto chlorophyll (accessory pigments)

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14
Q

Why are accessory pigments important?

A

increase energy available for photosynthesis

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15
Q

site of photolysis

A

grana of chloroplast

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16
Q

site of carbon fixation

A

stroma of chloroplast

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17
Q

What does absorbed energy do in the pigment molecule?

A

excites the electrons, transfer of these high energy electrons through the ETC releases energy to generate ATP by ATP synthase, also used for photolysis

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18
Q

Process of Photolysis

A
  1. Light energy used to split water into hydrogen and oxygen
  2. Oxygen is released
  3. Hydrogen binds to acceptor NADP to form NADPH2
  4. Photophosphorylation- chlorophyll makes energy available for regeneration of ATP from ADP and Pi
  5. NADPH2 and energy held in ATP used for carbon fixation
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19
Q

Calvin Cycle

A

involves reduction of carbon dioxide to glucose in a cycle of enzyme controlled reactions

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20
Q

what enzyme controls calvin cycle?

A

Rubisco

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21
Q

Process of Calvin Cycle

A
  1. Rubisco fixes carbon dioxide by attaching it to RuBP
  2. 3-phosphoglycerate produced is phosophorylated by ATP and combined with hydrogen from NADPH2 to form G3P
  3. G3P is used to regenerate RuBP and for synthesis of glucose
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22
Q

glucose can be used for:

A

respiration, starch, cellulose or biosynthetic pathways

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23
Q

Why is selective breeding used?

A

for improved plant crops and animal stocks, to support sustainable food production

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24
Q

advantages of selective breeding

A

higher crop yield, higher nutritional value, pests and disease resistance, ability to thrive in particular environmental conditions

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25
Q

Why are plant field trials carried out in a range of environments?

A

to compare the performance of different cultivars or treatments and to evaluate GM crops

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26
Q

Factors to be taken account of when designing plant field trials:

A

the selection of treatments (to ensure fair comparisons), the number of replicates (to take account of the variability within the sample) and the randomisation of treatments (to eliminate bias when measuring treatment effects)

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27
Q

Why are self-pollinating plants less susceptible to inbreeding depression?

A
  • naturally inbreeding
  • due to the elimination of deleterious alleles by natural
    selection
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28
Q

inbreeding=

A

selected plants or animals are bred for several generations until the population breeds true to the desired type due to the elimination of heterozygotes

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29
Q

outbreeding=

A

fusion of two gametes from unrelated members of the same species

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30
Q

inbreeding depression=

A

occurs due to the accumulation of recessive,

deleterious homozygous alleles

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31
Q

naturally outbreeding species=

A

cross-pollinating plants and animals

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32
Q

How can inbreeding depression be avoided in outbreeding species?

A

selecting for the desired characteristic while maintaining an otherwise genetically diverse population

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33
Q

Why are test crosses used?

A

to identify unwanted individuals with heterozygous

recessive alleles

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34
Q

What is produced when individuals from different breeds reproduce?

A

a new crossbreed population with improved characteristics

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35
Q

In crossbreeding, what is required to maintain a new breed?

A

a process of selection and backcrossing

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36
Q

hybridisation=

A

mating of two different homozygous cultivars of plant species producing offspring that are uniformly heterozygous

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37
Q

pros of F1 hybrids=

A

increased vigour and yield

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38
Q

F2 generation properties=

A

genetically variable

little use for further production although it can provide a source of new varieties

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39
Q

Role of genome sequencing in crossbreeding=

A

organisms with desirable genes can be identified and then used in breeding programmes

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40
Q

Role of genetic transformation techniques in selective breeding=

A

allow one or more genes to be inserted into a genome and this genome can then be used in breeding programmes

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41
Q

What do weeds, pests and diseases do?

A

reduce productivity

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42
Q

invertebrate pests of crop plants=

A

insects, nematode worms and molluscs

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43
Q

plant diseases can be caused by=

A

fungi, bacteria or viruses, which are often carried by invertebrates

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44
Q

Selective chemicals=

A

act by killing specific weeds/pests/diseases

45
Q

Systemic chemicals=

A

absorbed by a plant and travel throughout the plant’s tissues

46
Q

Properties of perennial weeds=

A

storage organs to provide a food source, the ability to reproduce by vegetative reproduction

47
Q

Properties of annual weeds=

A

rapid growth, short life cycle, high seed

output, long-term seed viability

48
Q

Problems with plant protection chemicals=

A

toxicity to animal species, persistence in environment, can accumulate or be magnified in food chains

49
Q

What is more effective than treating a diseased crop?

A

protective applications of fungicide based on disease forecasts

50
Q

Integrated pest management

A

combines chemical and biological control

51
Q

Chemical control

A

use of chemical pesticides to kill pests

52
Q

Biological control

A

use of natural predators/parasites to kill pests

53
Q

risks associated with biological control

A

predator being used becoming a pest itself

54
Q

benefits of good animal welfare

A

faster growth rate, better quality products and increased reproductive success

55
Q

ethology

A

study of animal behaviour

56
Q

behavioural indicators of poor welfare

A

stereotypy, misdirected behaviour, failure in sexual or parental behaviour, altered levels of activity

57
Q

stereotypic behaviour is

A

a persistent, repetitive movement that lacks function

58
Q

misdirected behaviour is

A

a normal behaviour displayed in a different/inappropriate situation

59
Q

What is an ethogram?

A

a description of an animal’s observed behaviour

60
Q

What can an ethogram be used for?

A

to form hypotheses on the animal behaviour that can be tested in natural or semi-natural surroundings. Info from these studies can be used to improve the environment for domesticated animals.

61
Q

Why are preference tests used?

A

to determine which conditions are most conducive to the welfare of the animal

62
Q

Why are measuremements of motivation used?

A

to determine the best conditions for the animal to be exposed to

63
Q

symbiosis

A

co-evolved intimate relationships between members of two different species

64
Q

parasitism

A

one organism benefits whilst the other is harmed by the

interaction

65
Q

How does a parasite benefit?

A

a parasite benefits in terms of energy or nutrients, whereas its host is harmed by the loss of these resources

66
Q

Why can’t parasite survive out of contact with a host?

A

they have a limited metabolism

67
Q

transmission of parasites to new hosts using

A

vectors or secondary hosts, direct contact or through resistant stages

68
Q

evidence for the symbiotic origin of chloroplasts and mitochondria

A

the size of the ribosomes found in chloroplasts being similar to that of ribosomes in prokaryotes

69
Q

mutualism

A

both organisms benefit from the interaction

70
Q

organisms in mutualistic relationships…

A

exchange metabolites and are structurally compatible

71
Q

social hierarchy

A

consists of a rank order of dominant and subordinate

individuals

72
Q

behaviours that are adapted to group living

A

social hierarchy, cooperative hunting and social defence

73
Q

altruistic behaviour

A

harms the donor individual but benefits the recipient

74
Q

When is altruistic behaviour common?

A

if they are related- kin selection involves strategies that favour the reproductive success of an organism’s relatives at a cost to an organisms own survival and reproduction

75
Q

How will the donor benfit in kin selection?

A

increased chances of survival of shared genes in the recipient’s offspring or future offspring

76
Q

social defence mechanisms

A

protects large numbers of induvidual animals

77
Q

cooperative hunting

A

benefits subordinate and dominant animals

By cooperative hunting, large prey can be killed which would be impossible for solitary animals

78
Q

social insects examples

A

bees, wasps, ants

79
Q

Why are social insects of ecological importance?

A

often keystone species within their ecosystems.

80
Q

How are some social insects of economic importance to humans?

A

provide ecosystem services such as pollination and pest control

81
Q

Social insect society structure

A

only some individuals (queens and drones) contribute reproductively, most members of the colony are workers who cooperate with close relatives to raise relatives

82
Q

How do primates learn complex social behaviour?

A

long period of parental care

83
Q

What behaviours are used to reduce conflict?

A

ritualistic display and appeasement behaviours including grooming, facial expression, body posture and sexual presentation

84
Q

In some monkeys and apes, why are alliances often formed between individuals?

A

used to increase social status within the group

85
Q

What do the social structures of different species of primate depend on?

A

ecological niche, the distribution of the resources they require and their taxonomic group

86
Q

measurable components of biodiversity

A

species diversity, genetic diversity, ecosystem diversity

87
Q

What are megafauna?

A

large animals that are susceptible to extinction because of human activities

88
Q

Why is the present extinction rates higher than the natural background extinction rate?

A

escalating rate of ecosystem degradation caused by humans

89
Q

How has biodiversity been regained after each mass extinction event?

A

speciation of survivors

90
Q

Is estimating both past and current extinction rates accurately easy?

A

No, it is difficult

91
Q

genetic diversity

A

the genetic variation represented by the number and frequency of all the alleles in a population

92
Q

species diversity

A

comprised of species richness (number of different species in an ecosystem) and relative abundance ( proportion of each species)

93
Q

What effect does a dominant species have on a community’s biodiversity?

A

decreases in biodiversity compared to community without a dominant species

94
Q

Factors which determine the species diversity found in an isolated ecosystem such as an island:

A

size (area) of the island and the degree

of isolation

95
Q

Why do small islands have a lower species diversity than large islands?

A

lower immigration rates and higher extinction rates

96
Q

Example of species affected by overexploitation

A

Some fish species in North Seaby overfishing

97
Q

Population bottleneck

A

an evolutionary event when a significant percentage of a population is killed or prevented from reproducing

98
Q

Why is population bottleneck critical to some species?

A

Inbreeding results in poor reproductive rates

99
Q

Habitat fragmentation:

A

is the breaking up of an organism’s habitat, caused by geological processes or human activities

100
Q

Species richness of habitat fragments

A

lower species richness

101
Q

What reduces the size of habitat fragments?

A

degradation

102
Q

What may edge species do?

A

invade the habitat at the expense of the interior species

103
Q

Purpose of habitat corridors

A

to link isolated fragments allowing species to move between habitat fragments to feed, mate and recolonise habitats after local extinctions

104
Q

introduced species

A

species that humans have accidently or intentionally moved to a new geographic location

105
Q

naturalised species

A

introduced species that become established within wild communities

106
Q

invasive species

A

naturalised species that spread rapidly and eliminate native species

107
Q

invasive species properties:

A
  • free of the predators, parasites, pathogens and competitors that limit their population in their native habitat.
  • invasive species may also prey on native species and outcompete them for resources
108
Q

climate change effect on biodiversity

A

reduces biodiversity

Higher Biology (3 decks)

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