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Higher Biology > Metabolism and Survival > Flashcards

Metabolism and Survival Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

catabolic pathways=

A

break down of complex molecules to simpler ones (energy releasing)

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2
Q

anabolic pathways=

A

biosynthesis of molecules from building blocks (energy requiring)

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3
Q

Why are reaction rates higher in membranes?

A

they form surfaces and compartments that allow high concentrations, high surface area to volume ratio allows high concentrations

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4
Q

Fluid mosaic model=

A

protein pores , pumps and enzymes embedded in phospholipid membranes

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5
Q

Proteins embedded within membrane functions=

A
  1. Channel proteins- allow specific molecules to pass through membrane by passive transport
  2. Protein pumps- binds to specific molecules temp allowing them to cross membrane (active transport)
  3. Enzymes- catalyse
  4. Structural support- maintain shape
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6
Q

How do enzymes lower activation energy?

A
  1. Bringing substarates to active site
  2. Orienting substrates correctly
  3. Removing products from active site (low affinity for active site)
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7
Q

Induced fit=

A

active site is not rigid, is dynamic and flexible so alters it’s shape to fit substrate

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8
Q

How do enzymes often act?

A

in groups or multi-enzyme complexes

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9
Q

Rate of metabolism depends on

A

rate of enzyme activity

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10
Q

Non-competitive inhibition=

A

the shape of the active site is altered by the

particle binding at allosteric site on the enzyme

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11
Q

Competitive inhibition=

A

competes with substrate at active site

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12
Q

Feedback inhibtion=

A

end product binds to allosteric site of first enzymes to alter activity

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13
Q

Respiration=

A

convert energy stored in glucose to ATP that can be used by cells

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14
Q

3 stages of respiration

A
  1. glycolysis
  2. citric acid cycle
  3. electron transport chain
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15
Q

glycolysis occurs in

A

cytoplasm

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16
Q

citric acid cycle occurs in

A

matrix of mitochondria

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17
Q

et chain occurs in

A

cristae

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18
Q

Main roles of ATP

A
  1. transfer of energy

2. phosphorylation of molecules

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19
Q

Phosphorylation=

A

addition of pi to a molecule like ADP that leads to more gain of ATP

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20
Q

What can fats and proteins be converted into?

A

intermediates of citric acid cycle and glycolysis

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21
Q

What are other sugars converted to?

A

glucose or intermediates of glycolysis

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22
Q

What breaks down into glucose?

A

start and glycogen

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23
Q

What can metabolic rate be measured as?

A
  1. oxygen consumption per unit time (respirometer)
  2. carbon dioxide consumption per unit time
  3. energy production (as heat) per unit time (calorimeter)
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24
Q

High metabolic rates require

A

efficient delivery of oxygen to cells

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25
Q

Best measure of fitness in humans=

A

maximum oxygen uptake

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26
Q

Incomplete double circulatory system

A

2 entries for blood, deoxygenated from body and oxygenated from lungs, mixing of blood- amphibians

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27
Q

Single circulatory system

A

blood flows in a single circuit, blood reoxygenated at the gills- fish

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28
Q

Double complete circulatory system

A

Closed loops for oxygenated and deoxygenated blood, efficient delivery of oxygen to cells- birds and mammals

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29
Q

Amphibian lungs

A
  • gas exchange happens through mucosa in mouth and through the skin
  • small lungs with alveoli can be used during rigorous activity
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30
Q

Reptile and mammal lungs

A
  • branching tubes that end with alveoli, moist inner lining

- bidirectional airflow and gas exchange over large surface area

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31
Q

Bird lungs

A
  • unidirectional airflow
  • gas exchange happens over small suface area in parabrochi but constant flow of oxygen-rich air is ensured due to air sacs = more efficient oxygen absorption
32
Q

Deep diving animals adaptations:

A

lower heart rate when diving, more myoglobin (oxygen storing protein) in muscle tissue, divert blood to vital organs= decreases metabolic rate

33
Q

High altitude training=

A

RBC count increases= temporary boost to fitness levels, increased risk of blood clots

34
Q

homeostasis=

A

maintenance of a steady internal environment

35
Q

conformers=

A

internal state varies with eextrnal state (same temp as environment)

36
Q

regulators=

A

internal state does not vary with external state (within a range)

37
Q

pros and cons of regulators=

A

pro- can exploit wide range of ecological niches, more adaptable to environmental change
con- high energy expenditure on homeostasis

38
Q

pros and cons of conformers=

A

pros- low amount of engrgy needed for maintenance of body

cons- can’t exploit wide range of ecological niches, not adaptable to environmental change

39
Q

osmoregulator=

A

able to maintain right internal water and salt concentration

40
Q

thermoregulation role of hypothalamus, nerves and effectors

A 
hypothalamus= receptor
nerves= carry signals to effectors
effectors= carry out action, can be capillaries, sweat glands, muscles
41
Q

vasodialation=

A

opening of capillaries= increases heat loss by radiation and evaporation by sweat

42
Q

vasocontriction=

A

narrowing of capillaries= reduces heat loss by radiation and evaporation by sweat

43
Q

sweat gland role in thermoregulation

A

hot- releases more sweat which cools body as heat is required to evaporate it
cold- release less to reduce evaporation heat loss

44
Q

hair role in thermoregulation

A

cold- erector muscles contract, pulling hair upright which traps layer of air that acts as an insulator
hot- relax

45
Q

muscles role in thermoregulation

A

shiver if cold= generates heat in muscles

46
Q

Predictive dormancy

A

organism enters a state before conditions change

47
Q

Consequentive dormancy

A

organism enters a state as a result of changing conditions

48
Q

Dormancy

A

period of reduced metabolic activity

49
Q

Hibernation

A

sustained lowering of metabolism to survive low availability of food- bear

50
Q

Aestivation

A

lowered metabolism to survive extreme drought or heat- snail

51
Q

Daily torpor

A

daily decrease in metabolic rate- hummingbirds

52
Q

Migration

A

relocating to a more suitable environment to avoid metabolic adversity

53
Q

Innate influences on migration are

A

inborn responses to migration- route taken

54
Q

Learned influences on migration are

A

modifications to innate- stop points in route

55
Q

Techniques to study long distance migration

A

tagging, radio transmitters, satellite tracking

56
Q

extremophiles

A

organisms that live under conditions which would prove lethal to almost any others

57
Q

example of an extremophile

A

thermophyllic bacteria- live in hot springs or deep sea thermal vents, can generate ATP from inorganic
molecules.

58
Q

culture conditions to eliminate effects of contaminating microorganisms:

A
  • control of oxygen levels by aeration
  • control of temperature in an incubator
  • control of pH by buffers or addition of acid or alkali
59
Q

compounds that can be added to growth media

A

vitamins and fatty acids

60
Q

bacteria divide by

A

binary fission

61
Q

generation time=

A

time taken for a cell to divide or a population to double

62
Q

Phases of bacterial growth

A

lag phase= enzyme induced, adapting to surroundings, slow growth
log phase= exponential growth, optimal conditions
stationary phase= rate of death and new bacteria are equal, secondary metabolites are produced
death phase= lack of substrate and toxic accumulation of metabolites, #death > #new bacteria

63
Q

How do secondary metabolites confer ecological advantage?

A

produces substances not associated with growth

64
Q

How can wild strains of microorganisms be improved?

A

mutagenesis, selective breeding or recombinant DNA

65
Q

mutagenesis=

A

artificially exposing microorganisms to mutagenic agents to produce new, improved strains.

66
Q

How can some bacteria produce new strains?

A 
transfer plasmids or pieces of chromosomal DNA to
each other (horizontal transfer), or take up DNA from their environment
67
Q

How do fungi like yeast produce new phenotypes?

A

sexual reproduction

68
Q

marker genes=

A

allow scientists to determine whether a cell has taken

up the vector or not

69
Q

restriction endonucleases=

A

enzymes that cut specific target sequences

of DNA

70
Q

role of ligase in recombinant DNA=

A

rejoins the backbone of DNA

71
Q

regulatory sequences

A

control expression of the inserted gene as well

as other genes found on the vector

72
Q

recombinant DNA technology

A

ability to manipulate the genome of an organism by introducing new gene sequences.

73
Q

restriction site=

A

allows the vector to be cut in a way which allows a

fragment of DNA to be inserted into it

74
Q

What does recombinant yeast cells prevent?

A

plant or animal recombinant DNA in bacteria may result in polypeptides that are folded incorrectly or lack post-translational modifications

75
Q

How can you increase yield in recombinant DNA technology?

A

introduce genes that remove inhibitory controls or amplify specific metabolic steps in a pathway

Higher Biology (3 decks)

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