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Biology Paper 2 (5-8) > Survival And Response > Flashcards

Survival And Response Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the advantage of being able to respond to a stimuli?

A
  • increase chance of survival
  • detect and move away from harmful stimuli
  • more likely to survive, thrive and reproduce advantageous alleles to offspring
  • selection pressures favour those with favourable responses
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2
Q

What is the order of the reflex arc

A
  1. Stimulus
  2. Receptor
  3. Coordinator
  4. Effector
  5. Response
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3
Q

What is a stimulus?

A
  • a detectable change or alteration in the internal or external environment of an organism that produces a response in the organism
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4
Q

What is a receptor?

A
  • cells or organs that detect stimuli, transforming the energy from the given stimulus to a form that the organism is able to process, producing a response
  • receptors are specific to one stimulus
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5
Q

What is a coordinator?

A
  • an inbuilt system that connects with each receptor with an appropriate effector
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6
Q

What is an effector?

A
  • cells, tissues or organs that respond to simulation by a nerve impulse, resulting in a change/response
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7
Q

What do plant receptors produce in response to stimuli?

A
  • chemicals like hormones to respond to stimuli by growing
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8
Q

How do animal receptors respond to stimuli?

A
  • use nerve impulses to communicate, along with chemicals to coordinate muscle contraction
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9
Q

What are the 3 innate behaviours?

A
  1. Reflexes
  2. Kinesis
  3. Taxis
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10
Q

What are reflexes?

A
  • involuntary responses which follow a specific pattern in response to given stimulus
  • may invertebrates have an escape reflex to avoid predators
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11
Q

What is kinesis?

A
  • involves random movements by the hole organism leading to non directional response
  • if organism is in unfavourable conditions, it moves fast and turns little, if organism is in favourable conditions, it moves slowly and turns a lot
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12
Q

What is taxis?

A
  • directional response where a whole organism moves either towards (positive taxis) or away from (negative taxis) the stimulus
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13
Q

State an example of kinesis

A

-woodlice and maggots do not seek out dark and damp areas, they avoid dry and bright conditions to avoid predators and prevent drying out

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14
Q

What is tropism?

A
  • directional response that involves an organism (plant) either growing towards (positive tropism) or away from (negative tropism) a stimulus such as light and gravity
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15
Q

Responses that plants carry out for survival

A
  1. Moving towards light
  2. Moving in response to gravity
  3. Responding to predators eg. Producing toxins
  4. Responding to abiotic stress eg. Drought
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16
Q

What is controlled by plant growth factors (hormones) in plants?

A
  • bud formation
  • growth of roots and shoots
  • fruit formation
  • seed germination
  • leaf fall
  • ripening of fruit
  • flowering time
  • disease resistance
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17
Q

Why are auxins referred to as growth factors rather than hormones?

A
  • exert their influence by directly affecting growth
  • unlike animal hormones, they’re made by cells all over the plants rather than in particular organs
  • unlike animal hormones, some growth factors affect the tissues that released them as opposed to a distant target organ
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18
Q

Phototropism

A
  • response in which parts of plant grow towards or away from the direction from the high light is coming
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19
Q

Geotropism/gravitropism

A
  • response in which parts of a plant grow towards or away from gravity
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20
Q

Where is indoleacetic acid (IAA) (the main auxin) made in plants?

A
  • produced by mitosis in the tips of roots and shoots
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21
Q

What is the diffusion of IAA affected by?

A
  • light and gravity
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22
Q

What is IAA action in response to light?

A
  • diffuses to the side of the shoot in shade
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23
Q

What is IAA response to gravity?

A
  • downwards
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24
Q

What is IAA effect in shoots?

A
  • stimulates cell elongation and growth
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25
Q

What is IAA effect in roots?

A
  • inhibits cell elongation and growth
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26
Q

What is the response of a sideways shoot to sunlight ?

A
  • IAA accumulates on shaded side (lower side) causing cell elongation
  • with only lower part growing the shoot bends upwards towards the light (positive phototropism)
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27
Q

What is the response of a sideways shoot to gravity?

A
  • gravity pulls auxin to the lower side of the shoot causing cell elongation
  • with the lower part growing the shoot bends upwards towards the light (negative geotropism)
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28
Q

What is the response to a sideways root to sunlight?

A
  • when exposed to small amount of sunlight IAA accumulates in the shaded side of the root but growth is inhibited
  • upper surface grows causing root to bend downwards (negative phototropism)
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29
Q

What is the response of a sideways root to gravity?

A
  • gravity pulls IAA to the lower side of the root where growth is inhibited
  • upper surface grows causing the root to bend downwards (Positive geotropism)
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30
Q

Benefits to a plant of having shoots growing towards light

A
  • leaves exposed to more sunlight and carry out more photosynthesis
  • flowers can be seen by insects for pollination
  • plants get higher for better seed dispersal
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31
Q

Benefits to a plant having roots growing down in response to gravity

A
  • by growing deeply into the soil, the root fixes the plant into the ground firmly
  • roots are able to reach more water
  • roots have larger surface area for more diffusion and osmosis
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32
Q

Effect of plant B having a black cap placed on top of shoots

A
  • IAA produced but cap means no stimulus for IAA to redistribute to one side so diffuses equally down whole shoot causing growth upwards
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33
Q

Effect of plant A having their shoots cut off

A
  • no IAA produced so no growth seen
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34
Q

Effect of plant c being closest to light

A
  • positive phototropism as AII diffuses down shade side causing cell elongation on that side causing shoot to bend towards light source
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35
Q

Give one similarity and one difference between taxis and tropism

A
  • similarity: both directional response to a stimulus
  • difference: taxis occurs in animals and tropism occurs in plants, in taxis whole organism moves and tropism is growth response
36
Q

Why does IAA increase plasticity of the plant cell wall?

A
  • by actively transporting H+ ions from cytoplasm into spaces in the cell wall allowing cell to elongate by expansion (acid growth hypothesis)
37
Q

Why is the acid growth hypothesis easier in younger cell walls?

A
  • rigidity develops with maturity so roots and shoots become less responsive
38
Q

What practical can show the effect on an environmental variable on the movement of an animal using either a choice chamber or maze?

A
  • maggot/woodlice practical
39
Q

What abiotic factors could you investigate?

A
  • dark and damp, dark and dry, light and damp, light and dry
40
Q

How might the environmental conditions affect the behaviour of maggots?

A
  • maggots avoid light areas as it makes them more visible to predators
  • avoid dry areas as it leads to excessive water loss
41
Q

How should we ethically treat the maggots?

A
  • do no harm to the maggots like using excessive force to get them into the chamber
42
Q

Which stats test would be useful to analyse the results and why?

A
  • chi squared as we are looking at the difference between observed data and expected data to see if results are due to chance or are significant
43
Q

What are the choice chambers useful for?

A
  • used in experiments to study taxis and kinesis responses of model organisms to stimuli and determine their preferred conditions
  • they allow for controlled variables like humidity, temperature, light and the presence of certain materials and we can easily observe their responses
44
Q

What are the three key neurones?

A
  • sensory
  • motor
  • relay
45
Q

What are the two types of nervous systems?

A
  • peripheral nervous system
  • central nervous system
46
Q

What is the central nervous system composed of?

A
  • brain and spinal cord
47
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system composed of?

A
  • sensory nervous system and motor nervous system
48
Q

What is the motor nervous system composed of?

A
  • voluntary nervous system and autonomic nervous system system
49
Q

What are the structures of a motor neurone?

A
  • dendrites
  • Dendrons
  • axon
  • myelin sheath
  • branched axon terminals
  • cell body
  • nucleus
  • cytoplasm
  • nodes of ranvier
50
Q

What is the adaptation of dendrites?

A
  • fine extensions of dendrons which are larger extensions of the cytoplasm of the neurone
51
Q

What is the function of dendrites?

A
  • carry electrical impulses towards cell body
52
Q

What is the adaptation of axon?

A
  • long thread like extension of the cell membrane and cytoplasm
53
Q

What is the function of axon?

A
  • transmits the nerve impulse from the cell body down to an effector
54
Q

What is the adaptation of the myelin sheath?

A
  • sheath of lipid wrapped around the axon with gaps
55
Q

What is the function of the myelin sheath?

A
  • insulates the neurone preventing short circuits with other axons and speeds up conduction of impulses
56
Q

What is the adaptation of branched axon terminals?

A
  • branched extensions of the axon at the end of the neurone
57
Q

What is the function of branched axon terminals?

A
  • carries impulse to an effector such as a gland or muscle forming a neuromuscular junction
58
Q

What surrounds the axon?

A
  • Schwann cells
59
Q

What do schwann cells do?

A
  • protect the axon, provide electrical insulation, carry out phagocytosis and play a role in nerve regeneration
60
Q

What do the membranes of the Schwann cells form?

A
  • sheath that is rich in lipid called myelin
61
Q

What are neurones with myelin called?

A
  • myelinated neurones
62
Q

What is the structure of a sensory neurone?

A
  • junctions with sensory receptors
  • dendron
  • cell body
  • axon
  • junctions with neurone in CNS
63
Q

What is a sensory neurone also called?

A
  • afferent neurone
64
Q

What is a relay neurone?

A
  • short neurone that connects a sensory neurone with a motor neurone in the CNS
65
Q

What is a relay neurone also called?

A
  • association neurone
66
Q

What is a motor neurone?

A
  • transmits nerve impulses from the CNS to an effector organ (muscle or gland)
67
Q

What is a motor neurone also called?

A
  • efferent neurone
68
Q

What are reflexes?

A
  • involuntary actions that: are automatic, faster than voluntary actions, synapse in the spinal cord or in unconscious areas of the brain, require no processing, involve short neural pathways
69
Q

Why are reflexes important for survival?

A
  • reduce damage to tissues eg. from burning, allow organism to escape from predators, form part of homeostasis
70
Q

What are the steps of the reflex arc?

A
  1. Stimulus
  2. Receptor
  3. Sensory neurone
  4. Relay neurone
  5. Motor neurone
  6. Effector
  7. Response
71
Q

What is a stimulus?

A
  • detectable change in the surroundings
72
Q

What is a receptor?

A
  • cells or organs that detect the stimulus
73
Q

What is a sensory neurone?

A
  • neurone that transmits electrical impulses from the receptor to the CNS
74
Q

What is a relay neurone?

A
  • neurone carrying electrical impulses from sensory neurone to motor neurone by diffusion of neurotransmitter across synapses
75
Q

What is a motor neurone?

A
  • neurone that transmits electrical impulses from the CNS to an effector (muscle or gland)
76
Q

What is an effector?

A
  • muscles or glands that bring about a response
77
Q

What is a response?

A
  • reaction to the change
78
Q

Describe how the reflex arc works in response to pain

A
  1. Receptor in skin surface detect stimulus
  2. Electrical impulses sent from the receptor along a sensory neurone to a relay neurone in the CNS by diffusion or neurotransmitter across a synapse
  3. Information passed from relay neurone to the effector
  4. Effector muscle contracts pulling hand away from pin
79
Q

Relay neurone in spinal cord is in the darker region called grey matter, what is it?

A
  • where lots of neurone cell bodies are
80
Q

What is the white matter?

A
  • mainly axons and fatty myelin sheaths
81
Q

What is a dorsal root?

A
  • large spinal nerve that sensory neurone travels down
82
Q

What is the ventral root?

A
  • large spinal nerve that the motor neurone travels down
83
Q

Why do the pupils contract?

A
  • prevents too much light entering eye, damaging cells of retina
84
Q

How does blinking protect you?

A
  • removes dust, debris and other foreign bodies from eyes
85
Q

If someone were to shine a light in a persons left eye, what might you observe in their right eye?

A
  • as optic nerves connect, right eye responds same as left eye
  • pupil should constrict
86
Q

What does it mean if pupils don’t constrict when light is shined into eyes?

A
  • head injury or optic nerve damage
87
Q

Comparisons of hormonal and nervous system

A
  • in hormonal, communication is by hormones that travel in blood, in nervous, communication is by electrical impulses down neurones
  • in hormonal, response is slow, in nervous, response is instant
  • in hormonal, response is long lasting, in nervous, response is short lasting
  • in hormonal, hormones can have widespread effect on many cells and organs, in nervous impulse acts on one or a few cells only
  • in hormonal, effect may be permanent and long lasting, in nervous, effect is not permanent and is short lasting

Biology Paper 2 (5-8) (12 decks)

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