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Engineering Surveying I > Surveying in Context > Flashcards

Surveying in Context Flashcards

1
Q

What is surveying?

A

It is concerned with determining the positions of natural and man-made features on or below the Earth’s surface, and with the presentation of this information.

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2
Q

What do surveyors do?

A

They take measurements of real-world objects to make a map or plan either:

1) Analogue e.g. paper
2) Digital (now central to all we do)

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3
Q

What is “setting out”?

A

Establishing location on the Earth’s surface of selected points or lines shown on a map or plan.

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4
Q

What is “setting out” often described as?

A

Surveying in reverse.

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5
Q

What does geodetic surveying involve?

A

It involves large areas: regional, continental, global.

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6
Q

What must be done in geodetic surveying?

A

Horizontal reference surface must take the shape of the earth into account (curvature).

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7
Q

What does geodetic surveying require, relating measurements?

A

High accuracy measurements.

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8
Q

When is geodetic surveying used?

A

In Geodesy and to provide reference positions for other surveys.

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9
Q

What does geodetic surveying provide?

A

A backbone in national mapping (coordinate) systems: OSGB36 which is the reference datum in GB.

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10
Q

What is plane surveying?

A

It is where the coordinate reference surface is a horizontal plane perpendicular to the line of gravity through a point.

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11
Q

When is plane surveying valid?

A

Only for small areas, approximately 10x10km.

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12
Q

What is the approximate radius of the Earth?

A

6300km

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13
Q

What is local surveying?

A

We change the parameters of an ellipsoid (earth) and shift it around in order for it to fit the region of the earth we are interested in.

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14
Q

What are surveys classified by?

A

Purpose

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15
Q

What is a topographic survey?

A

Produces maps of the natural and man-made features. It shows height information.

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16
Q

What are engineering surveys?

A

Provide maps and plans for use in the design of engineering works. may also be concerned with the setting out of new works.

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17
Q

What are Cadastral surveys?

A

Carried out to determine the position of property boundaries for legal purposes. provide the basis of a system for land ownership.

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18
Q

What are mining surveys?

A

They are the determination and recording of positions of underground workings in mines etc. can also be open-pit mines.

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19
Q

What are utility surveys?

A

Determination of positions and management of utilities. Requires specialist techniques e.g. Ground Penetrating Radar.

20
Q

What are Hydrographic surveys?

A

Surveys of areas offshore generally of the sea-bed for example for oil and gas exploration and production but can also be near shore and in-shore.

21
Q

What is stage 1 of the process for local plane surveys? (3)

A

PLANNING:

1) Get an overall picture of what is required by visiting the site,
2) decide on surveying techniques
3) instrumentation according to time limits.

22
Q

What is stage 2 of the process for local plane surveys? (2)

A

MEASUREMENT:

1) determine relative positions and sizes of objects
2) angles and distances.

23
Q

What is stage 3 of the process for local plane surveys?

A

DATA PROCESSING: usually some data processing of the measurements is needed. Normally carried out by a computer. Method depends on size of area.

24
Q

What is stage 4 of the process for local plane surveys?

A

DATA PRESENTATION: Various forms of presentation are used to plot and visualise a survey: maps, plans and digital terrain models, etc.

25
Q

What is stage 5 of the process for local plane surveys?

A

PLOTTING MAPS AND PLANS: Plotted according to certain rules and conventions. Position, shape and size.

26
Q

What is stage 6 of the process for local plane surveys?

A

PLOTTING SHAPE AND SIZE: On a plan everything is drawn to scale. On a map conventional size and symbols are normally used as not everything can be plotted to scale.

27
Q

What are the basic principles of surveying?

A

1) Work from the whole to the part
2) Choose a survey method appropriate to the required result.
3) Undertake independent checks at all stages to ensure the accuracy and precision of our work meets the specification.
4) Work systematically and record everything clearly.

28
Q

What does “work from the whole to the part” mean?

A

Have a control framework that encompasses the whole of our survey and work inwards from that.

29
Q

Name 5 methods in surveying to determine the relative position in plan?

A

1) Offsetting
2) Tie lines (trilateration)
3) Intersection
4) radiation
5) Resection

30
Q

What is offsetting? (3)

A

1) Two distance measurements
2) Measure along a distance
3) Perpendicular to baseline AB

31
Q

What is tie lines (trilateration)? (2)

A

1) Two distance measurements

2) Measure distance d1 and d2

32
Q

What is intersection? (3)

A

1) Two angle measurements
2) Measure angles alpha and beta
3) Calculate the distances

33
Q

What is Radiation method? (4)

A

1) Angle and distance measurements
2) Know coordinates of A and B
3) Measure distances d1 and angle alpha
4) calculate the coordinates of C

34
Q

What is resection? (3)

A

1) Two angles at unknown points between three known points.
2) Measure angles alpha and beta
3) Calculate the coordinates C

35
Q

What are two surveying techniques to determine relative height differences? (2)

A

1) levelling

2) Trigonometric heighting

36
Q

What does levelling consist of? (2)

A

1) Measure vertical distance between points

2) Use a level and levelling staff

37
Q

What is trigonometric heighting? (2)

A

1) Measure vertical angle and slop distance between points.

2) Calculate the vertical distance in height using trigonometry.

38
Q

How do we measure distances and angles?

A

Most commonly use total stations and digital levels.

39
Q

What is GNSS?

A

Global Navigation Satellite Systems

40
Q

What is LiDAR?

A

It involves measuring the time it takes laser pulses to travel from an aircraft to the ground and back to determine elevation data.

41
Q

What is laser scanning?

A

Uses a rotating laser distance and angle measuring system to automatically record 3D coordinates of the surface of an object.

42
Q

What are total stations capable of?

A

Measuring angles and distances with a high degree of precision.

43
Q

What is digital photography?

A

Uses workstations for mapping in which digital images are displayed on a computer screen.

44
Q

What will an integrated surveying system be made up of? (5)

A

1) A surveying sensor
2) A data collection hardware and software
3) Computer
4) Data communications
5) Processing and design software

45
Q

Name 2 professional bodies?

A

1) Royal institution of Chartered Surveyors (RICS)

2) Royal institution of Civil Engineering Surveyors (ICES)

Engineering Surveying I (14 decks)

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