Survey Flashcards
Paris Peace Conference goals
prevent another major conflict, justify the vast costs in terms of both money and lives
Consequences of the Paris Peace Settlement
- Wilson’s 14 points created unrealistic expectations for Germany in terms of the harshness of the treaty, alongside germany’s exclusion from the treaty, fuelled resentment in Germany
- new borders created grounds for future disputes
- terms gave germans an enormous sense of grievance, which allowed for the rise of nationalists like Hitler
- harshness won Germany sympathy
- It failed to set up structures that were capable of preserving peace for an extended period.
Big Four
Georges Clemenceau (France), David Lloyd George (Britain), Woodrow Wilson (US), Vittorio Orlando (Italy)
Georges Clemenceau
wanted Germany to face harsh consequences - harsh reparations, loss of territory, military limits
David Lloyd George
wanted to protect Britain's security willing to side with Wilson feared France would become too strong didn't want germany crippled Wanted a healthy post-war economy to buy British goods
Vittorio Orlando
high hopes of territorial gains
often isolated amongst the others
left the conference deeply dissatisfied
ended his political career and paved the way for right wing nationalist politicians
Woodrow Wilson
idealist
didn’t have the same security fears as france and britain
peace without victory speech
pushed for LoN
Treaty of Versailles
28 June 1919
Surrender its naval forces, army was restricted to 100,000 and not allowed an air force
Lost 13% of pre-war territory and 7 million people (12% of population)
Took coal, agricultural and manufacturing resources
Give up overseas colonies
Admit Liability for war damage - War Guilt Clause
Pay reparations (132 billion gold marks) final payment made in October 2010
League of Nations
Lacked support from key world powers
US Senate refused to ratify the Treaty of Versailles so US were not members of the LoN
Japan and Italy left when their policies clashed with its goals
Germany and USSR were members for short periods
Wilson’s vision: an international framework to which nations in dispute would bring their differences to be settled peacefully. The need for war would disappear
successes of LoN
took home half a million PoW from WW1
Sweden and Finland accepted the League’s arbitration to give the Aaland Islands to Finland
Set up camps and fed turkish refugees
economic experts sent to Austria when its government went bankrupt
greece obeyed the leagues orders to pull out of Bulgaria in 1925
league freed 200,000 slaves
failures of LoN
The Poles invaded Vilna (capital of Lithuania) The league ordered Poland to withdraw. Poland refused and the League could do nothing
Mussolini ignored the League’s orders to pull out of Corfu and made Greece pay money to Italy
Disarmament talks failed because Germany demanded as many weapons as everyone else
The international Labour Organisation failed to persuade countries to adopt a 48 hour week
Italian invasion of Abyssinia
Treaty of Saint Germain-en-Laye
10 September 1919
signed between the Allied Powers and the Republic of German-Austria in 1919
huge loss of territories, required to give land to Poland, Italy and Czechoslovakia
Austrian army limited to 30,000
Intended to make Austria pay reparations but the economy collapsed and it was unable to make financial contributions
Treaty of Trianon
Signed between Allied powers and Hungary
4th June, 1920
Loss of land that included nearly 70% of Hungary’s pre-war population and important economic resources such as timber, coal and iron industries
Initial plan to pay reparations, but a limited amount of resources were ever handed over
army cap of 35,000 and no navy
Treaty of Neuilly
Signed between Allied Powers and Bulgaria
27th Nov. 1919
loss of land - required to give up land to Greece
financial consequences of up to 100 million pounds in War reparations which was reduced then cancelled
military cap of 20,000
Lost all its aircraft and navy
The Treaty of Sèvres and the Treaty of Lausanne
first treaty signed between Allied Powers and the Ottoman Empire 10th Aug, 1920
designed to begin dividing up Ottoman Territories
Required to give land to Greece and forfeit all territories in the Middle East and North Africa
Turkish army limited to 50,000 and Navy to 13 ships
Allies took control of Turkish finances
Led to a revolution and new government who rejected the treaty
The second treaty defined the borders of the new Republic of Turkey
Lots of land lost
Military caps and war reparations were removed from the second treaty
