surgery1

Question 1

suttering techniques

Answer 1

simple interrupted sutures
continuous running sutures
vertical and horizontal sutures
sub-cuticular sutures
staples
tape

Question 2

Time of suture removal

Answer 2

Face(3-5) days
scalp(7-10)days
Arm(7-10 days)
leg(10-14 )days
Trunk (10-14) days

Question 3

FACTORS AFFECTING WOUND HEALING

Answer 3

There are 2
local factors and systemic factors
LOCAL FACTORS
wound infection
foreign body
wound hyporperfusion
mechanical stress eg tension
wound necrosis
oedema
seroma
haematoma
SYSTEMIC FACTORS
protein malnutrition
shock
obesity
jaundice
diabetes
aging
smoking
collagen disease
vascular disease
drugs

Question 4

Problematic healing

Answer 4

contracture-results into scar shortening and can reduce joint mobility
hypertropic scar-which is usually confined to the wound
keloid-extends beyond the wound into normal tissue.it creates the scar larger than the original wound

Question 4

Surgical complication

Answer 4

LOCAL COMPLICATIONS
haemorrhage
haematoma
seroma
wound dehiscence
surgical site infection
SYSTEMIC COMPLICATIONS
1.Respiratory complications
. pulmonary aspiration
.post operative pneumonia
.fat embolism
.post operative pleural effusions and pneumothorax
.deep venous thrombosis
.Pulmonary embolism and venous thromboembolism
urinary retention
2. GIT COMPLICATIONS
.Ileus and early post op complications
3 PSYACHIATRIC COMPLICATIONS
.Post operative psychosis

Question 5

Basic architecture of operating zone( 4 zones)

Answer 5

protective/semi-restricted zones(changing room, post-op rooms, transfer bay, store and records)
clean /unrestricted zone-connect protective zone to aspetic zone
sterile/restricted zone-operation room
disposal zone

Question 6

sterilization techniques in surgery

Answer 6

Thermal(steam under high pressure, dry heat or air)
chemical(ethylene oxide gas, hydrogen peroxide plasma)
Radiation(microwave,xray)

Question 7

Bacterial load classification

Answer 7

class 1-clean wounds-no sign of acute infection/inflammation, no sign of contamination and no sign of entry into RS/GIT OR GUT
class 2-clean contaminated wound-There is entry into GIT,GUT and RS without significant contamination and there is a minor violation of septic techniques
class 3-contaminated wounds-there is entry in the GIT,GUT and RS with major contamination and there is also major breaking of septic techniques and acute inflamation, it involve fresh traumatic wounds
class 4-dirty wound-these are traumatic wounds with dead tissues, foreign bodies, feacal contamination without treatment

Question 8

mode of injury

Answer 8

Abrassions-caused by a grazing and rubbing injury an incision by a sharp objects
laceration-caused by a narrow blunt objects with dull edges, margins are irregular and there is tearing of tissues
puncture/stabs-caused by a sharp pointed object
Gun wounds-caused by a gun there might be entry and exit of the wound

Question 9

stages of wound healing

Answer 9

inflammatory phase
proliferating phase
epithelization phase
remodelling phase

Question 10

Classification of sutures

Answer 10

absorbable sutures
non absorbable sutures
synthetic and biological sutures
monofilament and multifilament

Question 10

Basic principles of suturing

Answer 10

minimise tissue trauma
handle tissue gently
use just enough force to prevent to avoid strangulation.
use the finest needle and sutures
avoid tensional skin
evert the edges while closing do not invert
Ensure equal depth and width on both sides

Question 11

Types of shock

Answer 11

Hypovolemic shock
cardiogenic shock
distributive shock
obstructive shock