continuation of surgery

Question 1

Hazards and safety

Answer 1

source of damage/harm/health effects
HAZARD:
Biologic hazards incluide -infectious waste
Needle stick injuries
cuts
chemical hazard-anaesthetic gases
cleaning agents
physical hazards -fall, radiation, electric shock, back injury ,fire

Question 2

protective personal equipment

Answer 2

masks
eye wear
lead apron
gowns
boots

Question 3

CARDIOGENIC SHOCK

Answer 3

due to the heart failing as a pump bp decreases
systemic vasoconstriction occurs
increased pre and after load causes further pump failure
causes; myocardial infarction, myocarditis, post cardiac surgery, drug/toxin depression

Question 4

OBSTRUCTIVE SHOCK

Answer 4

Physical obstruction of blood flow
causes; impaired diastolic filling
increased intra-thoracic pressure
decreased cardiac compliance
other causes;
1.tension pneumothorax
2.pulmonary embolus
3.ivc obstruction

Question 5

Distributive shock

Answer 5

loss of vascular tone and enlargement of vascular compartment volume is displaced from central circulation example incluide; anaphylactic, neurogenic and septicc

Question 6

NEUROGENIC SHOCK

Answer 6

Increase of vascular capacity without any loss of blood volume
causes;
deep general anaesthesia
spinal anaesthesia
brain damage
which occurs due to loss or reduced sympathetic control
others incluide; depressant drugs, hypoxia, emotions, hypoglycemia

Question 7

anaphylactic/histamine shock

Answer 7

is an allergic condition in which in which the co and arterial pressure decreases drastically this results in vasodilation, pooling of blood in the periphal
ly and increased capillary permeability
may lead to death
causes; allergens such as food,drugs insect venom and drug transfusion

Question 8

septic shock

Answer 8

associate with severe a widely disseminated bacterial infection
any organism may be inv olved gram ,positive or negative bacillli and fungi is common
manifest with:
high fever
marked vasodilation throught the body
increased cardiac output
development of micro-blood clots

Question 9

Management of septic shock

Answer 9

Airway
ventilation
iv fluids
iv antibiotics such as dopamine, dopexamine
source control

Question 10

Hypovolemic shock

Answer 10

decreased blood volume up to >10%
causes;
loss of whole blood
loss of ecf
git looses such as diarrhoea and vomiting
reduced fluid intake
plasma loss
polyuric state

Question 11

Hemorrhagic shock

Answer 11

acute loos of circulating blood
defides into 4 classes