SURGERY (medicine)

Question 1

Who first used ethe (laughing gas)?

Answer 1

William morton experiments in 1846
Robert Liston first uses it in the UK

Question 2

What were some limitations of ether?

Answer 2

caused vomiting, irritated lungs,flammable and uncontrolled dosage🤢

Question 3

Who discovered chloroform and when?

Answer 3

James simpson 😀 in 1847

Question 4

Who invented the chloroform inhaler? And who used it famously?

Answer 4

Jhon snow❄ in 1853 and Queen Victoria

Question 5

What were limitations of chloroform?

Answer 5

Christian opposition for birth,unknown dosage, complex surgeries increased and therefore infection

Question 6

What was the black period in medicine?

Answer 6

Anaesthetic meant more complex and dangerous surgeries leading to more deaths

Question 7

What did Louis Pasteur publish in 1861?

Answer 7

Germ theory

Question 8

What did Joseph Lister use to heal and prevent infection in wounds?

Answer 8

Carbolic acid

Question 9

What type of surgery did Joseph Lister introduce in 1867?

Answer 9

Anti-septic

Question 10

How far did mortality rates drop because of anti-septic surgery?

Answer 10

30 percent ,45.7 to 15%

Question 11

What were the issues with carbolic spray

Answer 11

damages tissue and causes respiratory problems

Question 12

What did Koch first do in 1878?

Answer 12

Use hot steam to sterilise equipment

Question 13

What did Josephs Lister contribute to blood loss in 1881?

Answer 13

He soaked cat ligatures in carbolic acid, preventing infection and dissolved in the body 2-3 weeks

Question 14

Where and when was the first use of cocaine?

Answer 14

Russia in 1884, unsuitable as is addictive

Question 15

Who discovered rubber gloves in 1890?

Answer 15

Dr Halstead

Question 16

Who and when were x-rays discovered?

Answer 16

William Roetenger in 1895, implaced in hospitals by 1896

Question 17

When and who discovered blood groups?

Answer 17

Karl Landsteiner in 1901

Question 18

What did the discovery of blood groups lead to, limitations included?

Answer 18

blood transfusions could be carried out successfully, blood could clot causing blockage in tubes

Question 19

Who discovered synthetic local anaesthetic Amylocaine and when?

Answer 19

Ernesr Fourneau in 1903

Question 20

What was popularised as an anaesthetic in 1903?

Answer 20

Ethyl

Question 21

What were improvements in prosthetic limbs in WW1?

Answer 21

Used lighter alloys and better mechanics

Question 22

Who championed neuro surgery in 1914 and how?

Answer 22

Harvey Cushing, used magnets to extract metal from the brain and local anaesthetic

Question 23

How much did the morality rate change by using the Thomas splint in WW1?

Answer 23

80% death rate to 80% survival rate

Question 24

Who discovered sodium citate stopped blood from clotting?

Answer 24

Richard lewisohn, 1915

Question 25

Who discovered blood last longer refrigerated?

Answer 25

Weil

Question 26

What did Marie Curie design in 1915 and what was it limitation?

Answer 26

Mobile X-ray machines, they couldn't detect clothing, exposed patients to high levels of radiation

Question 27

What did Rous and turner discover?

Answer 27

blood can be stored for 4 weeks if gloucose citrate is added

Question 28

What did Vladimir Filatov devolpe?

Answer 28

pedicle skin graft eye transplant which allowed patients to regain vision

Question 29

how did carrel and dakin sterilise wounds,1916?

Answer 29

With salt solution

Question 30

What did oswarld Robertson set up?

Answer 30

The first blood bank, stored plasma and cells sperately

Question 31

Who set up an early plastic surgery unit?

Answer 31

Harold Gillies

Question 32

Who develops a way to store blood for 21 days and when?

Answer 32

Andre Bagdarsov, 1932

Question 33

When was the first uk blood bank built?

Answer 33

1937

Question 34

What did Charles Drew do?

Answer 34

He discovered that blood and plasma could be separated. could be stored longer and less likely to be contaminated.

Question 35

Who and when was the guinea pig club set up?

Answer 35

1939 by McIndoe to treat burned RAF pilots

Question 36

What changes does Mclndoe do in plastic surgery treatment?

Answer 36

Uses saline baths instead of chemical baths Uses lots and lots of grafts Reintroduces the soldiers back into society

Question 37

Who discovered the use of Nitrous Oxide as a possible anaesthetic and when?

Answer 37

Humphry Davy 1799

Question 38

Who discovered washing hands in a maternity ward led to large reductions in mortality?

Answer 38

Ignaz Semmelweis

Question 39

Describe the difference between antiseptic and aseptic:

Answer 39

Antiseptic methods are used to kill germs that get near surgical wounds. Aseptic surgical methods aim to stop any germs getting near the wound.

Question 40

What was the method of stemming blood loss before the 19th century?

Answer 40

Cautery (burning the wound shut)

Question 41

What was the death rate from amputation pre-anaesthetics?

Answer 41

50%

Question 42

Name a famous fatality from chloroform during an operation on an ingrowing toenail

Answer 42

Hannah Greener

Question 43

What solution did Semmelweis use to wash his hands?

Answer 43

Chloride of lime.

Question 44

Which WW1 battle had the first blood depot to store blood for injured soldiers?

Answer 44

Battle of Cambrai 1917

Question 45

When was the British National Blood Transfusion Service established?

Answer 45

1946

Question 46

Who discovered the bacterium that caused septicaemia that boosted Lister’s ideas?

Answer 46

Koch