Surgery - END (Part 2) Flashcards
Water constitutes what percentage of total body weight? *
A. 30-40%.
B. 40-50%
C. 50-60%
D. 60-70%.
C. 50-60%
Rationale: Water typically makes up about 50-60% of an adult’s total body weight. This proportion can vary based on factors such as age, gender, and body fat percentage, but for a healthy adult, around 50-60% is a standard reference range.
Closure of an appendectomy wound in a patient with perforated appendicitis who is receiving appropriate antibiotics will result in a wound infection in what percentage of patients? *
A. 3-4%
B. 8-12%
C. 15-18%
D. 22-25%
A. 3-4%
A 35-year-old unrestrained driver was involved in a motor-vehicle crash. A computed tomography (CT) of the abdomen revealed a large hematoma in the second portion of duodenum. The rest of the abdomen is normal. The initial management of this duodenal hematoma should be: *
A. Operative evacuation
B. Nasogastric decompression, intravenous fluids, and gradual resumption of oral diet
C. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatogram (ERCP)
D. Laparotomy, pyloric exclusion, and gastrojejunostomy
E. Octretide
B. Nasogastric decompression, intravenous fluids, and gradual resumption of oral diet
Rationale: The initial management of a duodenal hematoma, especially in the absence of other abdominal injuries, is conservative. This includes nasogastric decompression to relieve gastric distension and prevent vomiting, intravenous fluids to maintain hydration, and a gradual resumption of an oral diet as tolerated. Surgery or other invasive procedures are considered if there is no improvement with conservative management.
38-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department after she stepped on a rusty nail and sustained a puncture wound to the foot. The patient has been on a therapeutic dose of steroids for the past 5 years for ulcerative colitis. Her last tetanus toxoid booster was 8 years ago. What should the patient receive? *
A. Tetanus toxoid booster
B. Human immunoglobulin
C. Antibiotics with anaerobic coverage
D. Tetanus toxoid plus human immunoglobulin
E. Tetanus toxoid plus human immunoglobulin and antibiotics with aerobic and anaerobic coverage
E. Tetanus toxoid plus human immunoglobulin and antibiotics with aerobic and anaerobic coverage
A 27-year-old man is brought to the emergency room after a house fire. He has burns around his mouth and his voice is hoarse, but breathing is unlabored. What most appropriate next step in management? *
A. Immediate endotracheal intubation
B. Examination of oral cavity and pharynx, with fiberoptic laryngoscope if available
C. Place on supplemental oxygen
D. Placement of two large-bore intravenous (IV) catheters with fluid resuscitation
B. Examination of oral cavity and pharynx, with fiberoptic laryngoscope if available
Rationale: The patient’s burns around the mouth and hoarseness suggest possible inhalation injury or airway burns. However, since his breathing is unlabored, immediate endotracheal intubation may not be necessary. A thorough examination of the oral cavity, pharynx, and if possible, the larynx using a fiberoptic laryngoscope is appropriate to assess the extent of injury and determine the need for airway management.
Which of the following is NOT one of the four major physiologic events of hemostasis? *
A. Fibrinolysis
B. Vasodilatation
C. Platelet plug formation
D. Fibrin production
B. Vasodilatation
Rationale: Hemostasis involves the arrest of bleeding and includes four main steps: vasoconstriction, platelet plug formation, fibrin production, and finally fibrinolysis. Vasodilatation is not a part of the hemostasis process; in fact, vasoconstriction occurs initially to help reduce blood flow to the injured area.
What percentage burn does a patient have who has suffered burns to one leg (circumferential), one arm (circumferential), and the anterior trunk? *
A. 18%
B. 27%
C. 36%
D. 45%.
D. 45%.
According to the Rule of Nines used in calculating body surface area affected by burns, each arm is approximately 9% of the body’s surface area, each leg is approximately 18%, and the entire trunk is approximately 36%. Therefore, burns to one entire leg (18%), one entire arm (9%), and the anterior trunk (half of 36%, so 18%) would total 45%.
What is the risk of Hepatitis C and HIV-1 transmission with blood transfusion? *
A. 1:10,000,000
B. 1:1,000,000
C. 1:500,000
D. 1:100,000
B. 1:1,000,000
Rationale: The risk of transmission of Hepatitis C and HIV-1 through blood transfusion has greatly decreased due to rigorous screening processes. While the exact risk can vary, it is generally considered to be around 1 in 1,000,000 for each virus, reflecting the effectiveness of current blood screening methods.
A patient who has spasms in the hand when a blood pressure cuff is blown up most likely has *
A. Hypercalcemia
B. Hypocalcemia
C. Hypermagnesemia
D. Hypomagnesemia
B. Hypocalcemia
Rationale: The description is indicative of Trousseau’s sign, a medical phenomenon where inflation of a blood pressure cuff to a level above systolic pressure leads to spasms of the hand and wrist. This sign is commonly associated with hypocalcemia, as low calcium levels increase nerve excitability.
Allergic reactions do not occur with *
A. Packed RBC’s
B. FFP.
C. Cyroprecipitate
D. None of the above
D. None of the above
Rationale: Allergic reactions can potentially occur with any blood product, including packed red blood cells (RBCs), fresh frozen plasma (FFP), and cryoprecipitate. Therefore, it’s incorrect to say that allergic reactions do not occur with any specific one of these products; all can potentially trigger an allergic response in susceptible individuals.
A 53-year-old woman involved in a bus accident suffered a severe blow to the middle upper abdomen. Physical examination revealed diffuse tenderness, but there was no evidence of rebound tenderness or guarding. What test would be performed to rule out traumatic pancreatitis? *
A. Peritoneal lavage
B. Serum amylase
C. CT scan with oral and intravenous contrast
D. Upper GI study
E. ERCP
C. CT scan with oral and intravenous contrast
Rationale: A CT scan with oral and intravenous contrast is the best choice for assessing abdominal trauma and can provide detailed images of the pancreas and surrounding structures to rule out traumatic pancreatitis. It can identify pancreatic injuries, hematomas, and other complications like fluid collections.
Patients with a penicillin allergy are LEAST likely to have a cross-reaction with *
A. Synthetic penicillins
B. Carbapenems
C. Cephalosporins
D. Monobactams
D. Monobactams
Rationale: Monobactams, such as aztreonam, have a different chemical structure from penicillins and are less likely to cause cross-reactivity in patients with a penicillin allergy. Unlike penicillins, cephalosporins, and carbapenems, monobactams do not have the beta-lactam ring structure similar to penicillins, making them a safer option for patients with known penicillin allergies
A 46-year-old man is struck by a motor vehicle while crossing the street; he arrives in the ED hypotensive, bradycardic, and unable to move his extremities.
What is the most likely cause of his hypotension? *
A. Hypovolemic shock
B. Obstructive shock
C. Neurogenic shock
D. Vasodilatory shock.
C. Neurogenic shock
Rationale: Neurogenic shock can occur following a severe spinal cord injury, which may be inferred from the inability to move extremities and the presence of bradycardia combined with hypotension. This type of shock results from the loss of sympathetic tone, leading to vasodilation and decreased cardiac output.
A 68-year-old woman is hit by a car and injures her midabdomen. The best way to rule out a rupture of the second part of the duodenum is by which mode? *
A. Repeated physical examinations
B. Ultrasound
C. Repeated amylase levels
D. CT with oral and intravenous contrast
E. Peritoneal lavage
D. CT with oral and intravenous contrast
Rationale: A CT scan with oral and intravenous contrast is the most effective method to evaluate for injuries such as a rupture of the duodenum. It provides detailed images of the abdominal organs, allowing for the identification of any ruptures, hematomas, or other injuries.
Which factor does NOT influence the development of surgical site infections (SSls)? *
A. Duration of procedure
B. Degree of microbial contamination of the wound
C. Malnutrition
D. General anesthesia
D. General anesthesia
Rationale: While factors like the duration of the procedure, the degree of microbial contamination of the wound, and the nutritional status of the patient (malnutrition) can influence the risk of SSIs, general anesthesia itself does not directly affect the development of surgical site infections.
A 55-year-old male with a known history of alcoholism is admitted with acute pancreatitis. His serum calcium is 7 mg/dL. Management is based upon which of the following *
A. One-fourth of calcium in serum is ionized
B. Alkalosis increases the ionized calcium component
C. Hypocalcemia may cause polyuria and polydipsia
D. Determination of serum albumin is necessary
E. Treatment should involve intravenous administration of calcium chloride
D. Determination of serum albumin is necessary
Rationale: In the context of hypocalcemia and acute pancreatitis, it is important to determine the serum albumin level because calcium is often bound to albumin in the blood. Hypoalbuminemia, which can occur in the setting of alcoholism and acute illness, may cause a decrease in total serum calcium while the ionized (biologically active) calcium may be normal. Therefore, it’s crucial to assess the albumin level to correctly interpret the calcium level and guide management.
A 46-year-old man has multiple intra-abdominal injuries after a gunshot wound.
Celiotomy reveals multiple injuries to small and large bowel and major bleeding from the liver. After repair of the bowel injuries, the abdomen is closed with towel clips, leaving a large pack in the injured liver. Within 12 hours, there is massive abdominal swelling with edema fluid, and intra-abdominal pressure exceeds 35 mm Hg. The immediate step in managing this problem is to *
A. Administer albumin intercavernously
B. Give an IV diuretic.
C. Limit IV fluid administration
D. Open the incision to decompress the abdomen
D. Open the incision to decompress the abdomen
Rationale: This scenario describes abdominal compartment syndrome, where intra-abdominal pressure is critically high, threatening organ function. The immediate treatment is to relieve the pressure, typically by opening the abdominal incision to decompress the abdomen. This can prevent further organ damage and improve blood flow.
All the following treatments for hyperkalemia reduce serum potassium EXCEPT *
A. Bicarbonate
B. Kayexalate
C. Glucose infusion with insulin
D. Calcium
D. Calcium
Rationale: Calcium is used in the treatment of hyperkalemia to stabilize the heart muscle cells’ membranes, reducing the risk of arrhythmias. However, it does not lower the serum potassium level; it merely protects against its cardiac effects. Bicarbonate, Kayexalate, and glucose infusion with insulin help to actually lower the potassium levels in the blood.
The most abundant amino acid in the human body is *
A. Carnitine.
B. Arginine
C. Glutamine
D. Methionine
C. Glutamine
Rationale: Glutamine is the most abundant amino acid in the human body and plays a key role in many biological processes, including protein synthesis, energy production, and as a nitrogen transporter.
A 65-year-old man is brought into the emergency department following his injury as a passenger in a car crash. He complains of right side chest pain.
Physical examination reveals a respiratory rate of 42 breaths per minute and multiple broken ribs of a segment of the chest wall that moves paradoxically with respiration. What should the next step be? *
A. Tube thoracostomy
B. Tracheostomy
C. Thoracentesis
D. Endotracheal intubation
E. Intercostal nerve blocks
C. Thoracentesis
Successful antibiotic penetration of a burn eschar can be achieved with *
A. Mafenide acetate
B. Neomycin
C. Silver nitrate
D. Silver sulfadiazine
A. Mafenide acetate
Rationale: Mafenide acetate is known for its ability to penetrate burn eschar effectively. It has broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity and is used topically to prevent and treat infections in burn wounds. Unlike other agents, which may have limited penetration through eschar, mafenide acetate can reach deeper tissues.
A 22-year-old man is shot with a handgun and found to have a through-and-through injury to the right transverse colon. There is little fecal contamination and no bowel devascularization. At operation, what does he require? *
A. Right hemicolectomy with ileotransverse colon anastomosis
B. Right hemicolectomy with ileostomy and mucous fistula
C. Debridement and closure of wounds with exteriorization of colon
D. Debridement and closure of wounds
E. Segmental resection with primary anastomosis
D. Debridement and closure of wounds
A 54-year-old man underwent major abdominal surgery to remove a ruptured aortic aneurysm. Four days after the operation, an attempt was made to wean him off the ventilator. ABG analysis reveals pH, 7.54; PCO2, 30 mm Hg; PO2, 110 mm Hg; HCO3,30 mEq/L; and Sa02, 99%. Blood gas analysis reveals which of the following? *
A. Respiratory acidosis
B. Metabolic alkalosis
C. Respiratory alkalosis
D. Compensated respiratory acidosis
E. Combined respiratory and metabolic alkalosis
B. Metabolic alkalosis… E sabi ni chatgpt
A 35-year-old woman presents to the emergency department with a stab wound to the neck above the angle of the mandible. The patient’s blood pressure is 110/80 mm Hg, pulse rate is 100 bpm, and respiration rate is 24 breaths per minute. Between initial presentation and insertion of intravenous lines, the hematoma in the upper neck enlarges significantly. What should be the next step in the patient’s management? *
A. Barium swallow
B. Flexible endoscopy
C. Operative exploration
D. Doppler ultrasound
E. Angiography
E. Angiography… C. sabi ni chatgpt