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Finals Revision > Surgery > Flashcards

Surgery Flashcards

1
Q

Sx of anal fissures?

A

Bright red, painful rectal bleeding.
Typically seen in the posterior midline. Associated with constipation

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2
Q

Mx of anal fissures?

A

If <1 week soften stool, give topical analgesics and lubricate before defecation
If chronic use topical GTN 1st line. If ineffective after 8 weeks consider sphincterotomy surgery

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3
Q

What should you always test for first in a woman of child-bearing age with an acute abdomen?

A

Pregnancy test!
Even if they deny sexual activity

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4
Q

How can you differentiate between hypertrophic and keloid scars?

A

Hypertrophic = confined to the boundaries of the original wound
Keyloid = extend beyond the boundaries of the original wound

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5
Q

How do we manage oestrogen receptor positive breast cancer?

A

Tamoxifen if pre- or peri-menopausal
Aromatase inhibitors e.g. anastrozole if post-menopausal

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6
Q

How do we manage HER-2 positive breast cancer?

A

Herceptin

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7
Q

Which chemo is indicated in node positive and node negative breast cancer?

A

Node positive = FEC-D
Node negative = FEC

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8
Q

What are the 3 causes of a snow storm sign?

A

On USS of the axillary lymph nodes = breast implant rupture
On USS of the uterus = hydatiform mole
On CXR = thyroid metastases to the lungs

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9
Q

What is the most common type of breast cancer?

A

Invasive ductal carcinoma, no special type

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10
Q

Sx and Mx of a psoas abscess

A

Lower back pain, tender groin mass, fever and pain exacerbated on hip extension
Mx = percutaneous drainage or surgery

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11
Q

Where do you find a direct inguinal hernia? Who are they commonly seen in? What is the strangulation risk?

A

Superior and medial to the pubic tubercle and Medial to the inferior epigastric artery
Seen in adult males
Low risk of strangulation

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12
Q

Where do you find an indirect inguinal hernia? Who are they commonly seen in? What is the strangulation risk?

A

Superior and medial to the pubic tubercle and Lateral to the inferior epigastric artery
Seen in adult and infant males
Low risk of strangulation

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13
Q

Where do you find a femoral hernia? Who are they commonly seen in? What is the strangulation risk?

A

Below the inguinal ligament and lateral to the pubic tubercle.
Seen in adult females
High risk of strangulation

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14
Q

Which drugs can be given to reduce the formation of calcium renal stones?

A

Thiazide like diuretics

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15
Q

Which drugs can be given to reduce the formation of urate renal stones?

A

Bicarbonate or allopurinol

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16
Q

Which drugs can be given to reduce the formation of oxalate renal stones?

A

cholestyramine or pyridoxine

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17
Q

Mx of SAH?

A

Supportive measures, nimodipine to prevent vasospasm and intracranial coiling if there is an aneurysm

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18
Q

What are the symptoms of hypocalcaemia?

A

Tetany (muscle twitching, cramps and spasms), perioral paraesthesia and QT interval prolongation
Trousseau’s sign = carpopedal spasm of BP cuff inflation
Chvostek’s sign = twitching of the facial muscle when you tap on the parotid gland

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19
Q

What is Boerhaave’s syndrome? How do we investigate and treat?

A

Oesophageal rupture secondary to vomiting.
Tearing chest pain and s/c emphysema
Ix = CT contrast swallow
Mx = Thoracotomy and lavage

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20
Q

How can we differentiate clinically between Boerhaave’s syndrome and a Mallory-Weiss tear?

A

Boerhaave’s presents with s/c emphysema and non-bloody vomit
Mallory-Weiss will have bloody vomit

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21
Q

How do we calculate the fluid requirements in 24hrs in burns patients?

A

4ml x (total burn area (%) x BW (kg))
Give 50% over the first 8 hours and then the other 50% over the next 16.
Fluid choice = Haartmans

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22
Q

Which side do varicoceles occur most commonly on?

A

Left

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23
Q

Sx and Mx of acute mesenteric iscahemia?

A

Sudden onset severe abdo pain which is out of proportion with the clinical findings on BG of AF or increased clot risk
Mx = immediate laparotomy

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24
Q

Sx of ischaemic colitis?

A

Sudden onset abdo pain (less severe than acute mesenteric ischaemia), seen alongside bloody diarrhoea. Will often resolve spontaneously

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25
Q

Can you give sulfonylureas on the day of surgery?

A

No - omit
If AM surgery and patient has a BD dose can have the afternoon dose (so long as they are eating)

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26
Q

What is the difference between a fibroadenoma and fibroadenosis?

A

Fibroadenoma = non-tender mobile lump seen in those <30
Fibroadenosis = lumpy painful breasts seen in middle aged women. Pain is worse prior to menstruation

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27
Q

Sx of a thrombosed haemarrhoid?

A

Significantly pain and tender lump. Will be oedematous, purple and seen in the subcutaneous tissue

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28
Q

Mx of thrombosed haemorrhoid?

A

<72hrs = surgical excision
>72hrs = stool softeners, ice pack and analgesia

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29
Q

What is superficial thrombophlebitis? Mx?

A

Thrombosis of one of the superficial veins
Mx = PO NSAIDs or LMWH and compression stocking

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30
Q

What is Balanitis Xerotica Obliterans

A

The male version of lichen sclerosis. It can lead to phimosis and increased risk of squamous cell carcinoma

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31
Q

Describe how the LFTs and inflammatory markers will appear in biliary colic?

A

Normal!

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32
Q

Describe how the LFTs and inflammatory markers will appear in cholecystitis?

A

LFTs are normal but CRP is raised

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33
Q

Which is the investigation and which is the management out of ERCP and MRCP?

A

MRCP = Ix
ERCP = Mx

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34
Q

Broadly, how do we distinguish between biliary colic, acute cholecystitis and ascending cholangitis?

A

Biliary colic = pain
Acute chole = pain and fever
Ascending cholangitis = pain, fever and jaundice

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35
Q

When should you surgically excise a breast fibroadenoma?

A

If it is >3cm

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36
Q

Which is the best anaesthetic drug to use in trauma?

A

Ketamine as it does not drop the BP

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37
Q

Which is the best anaesthetic drug to use in those at high risk of post-op vomiting?

A

Propofol as it has anti-emetic effects

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38
Q

What are the 2 most common causes of acute pancreatitis?

A

Gall stones and alcohol abuse

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39
Q

Sx and Mx of acute pancreatitis?

A

Sx = epigastric pain which radiates to the back +/- shock
Mx = aggressive fluid resuscitation, analgesia and do not routinely make NBM

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40
Q

When do pigmented gallstones occur?

A

Due to XS haemolysis secondary to haemolytic anaemia e.g. in sickle cell or liver cirrhosis

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41
Q

What do you do if CT head is normal but you suspect SAH?

A

If <6 hours post Sx onset = seek alternative diagnosis
If >6 hours post Sx onset = do LP after 12 hours (to look for xanthochromia)

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42
Q

Who should you not give nitrous oxide to in trauma?

A

Those with suspected pneumothorax - it can lead to tension pneumothorax

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43
Q

What is the safest Mx option in those with UC who have developed a megacolon?

A

Subtotal colectomy

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44
Q

What is Paget’s disease of breast?

A

Intraductal carcinoma associated with reddening and thickening of the areola/nipple - can look like eczema

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45
Q

When is Etomidate a good anaesthetic to use? What side effect can it cause?

A

In those with cardiac pathology as it causes less hypotension
Can lead to adrenal suppression

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46
Q

What is malignant hypertension?

A

A genetic reaction to -flurane anaesthetics
Causes increased end-tidal CO2, increased body temperature, diaphoresis and muscle contraction

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47
Q

What is post-operative ileus?

A

A common complication of bowel surgery
Sx = abdo pain, bloating, vomiting and not passing stools

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48
Q

What is mammary duct ectasia?

A

Tender breast lump around the areola with green nipple discharge seen in peri-menopausal/menopausal women

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49
Q

Which clotting factors reverse warfarin and are found in prothrombin complex?

A

II, VII, IX and X

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50
Q

Describe hiatus hernias?

A

95% are sliding
Sx = heart burn, dysphagia, regurgitation and chest pain
Ix = barium swallow
Mx = PPIs

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51
Q

Describe testicular torsion?

A

Acutely painful and swollen testicle, will be retracted and the cremasteric reflex is lost. Prehn’s sign is negative (elevation of the testicle will not relieve the pain)
Mx involves surgical fixation of both testes

52
Q

How should you manage renal calculi which have lead to acute kidney obstruction?

A

Nephrostomy

53
Q

What is the 1st line Ix of a testicular mass?

A

USS

54
Q

Ix of epididymo-orchitis?

A

If young sexually man = NAAT for STI
If older/not sexually active = MSU for UTI

55
Q

How do we reduce the risk of recurrence in women who have had a wide local excision for breast CA?

A

Whole breast radiotherapy

56
Q

Ix of hydronephrosis?

A

USS

57
Q

How do you manage urinary retention secondary to UTI?

A

Insert a urinary catheter
NOT if there is renal stones causing the retention

58
Q

How are AFP and Beta hCG affected in testicular tumours?

A

In seminomas the AFP and Beta hCG are normal, in teratomas and yolk sac tumours they are raised

59
Q

Which type of surgery is contraindicated in acute intestinal obstruction with dilated bowel loops?

A

Laparoscopic surgery

60
Q

What must be done before vasectomy can be used as a contraceptive method?

A

Semen analysis, this is done at 12 weeks

61
Q

Which gender sterilisation is more effective?

A

Male

62
Q

How common is chronic testicular pain in vasectomy?

A

5-30%

63
Q

How can heart failure cause weight loss?

A

Cardiac cachexia can occur if heart failure is poorly controlled as there is gut oedema

64
Q

What can precipitate ureteric stones?

A

Dehydration e.g. secondary to diarrhoea and vomiting

65
Q

How can you localise the torsion in ?testicular torsion?

A

Torsion of the spermatic cord = loss of the cremasteric reflex
Torsion of the testicular appendage = preserved cremasteric reflex

66
Q

Which type of renal cell cancer is associated with polycythaemia?

A

Renal adenocarcinoma

67
Q

What is Nephroblastoma?

A

Also known as a Wilm’s tumour it occurs in those under 4 years old and may metastasise to the lungs

68
Q

Where do transitional cell carcinomas normally occur?

A

In the renal pelvis, the ureters, the urethra or the bladder

69
Q

What should you consider in frank haematuria in a pregnant women who has had a previous placenta praevia or a C-section?

A

Placenta Percreta

70
Q

True or false, renal vein thrombosis is often seen in renal cell cancer?

A

True!

71
Q

What is the age cut off for 2WW in an unexplained breast lump?

A

> 30 = 2WW
<30 = not 2WW but can be offered non-urgent breast clinic refferal

72
Q

Ix of varicose veins?

A

Venous duplex USS - will show retrograde venous flow

73
Q

What is the most common cause of AKI? What causes it?

A

Acute Tubular Necrosis
Caused by ischaemia e.g. sepsis/shock or nephrotoxins e.g. secondary to rhabdomyolysis

74
Q

Sx and Ix of acute tubular necrosis?

A

AKI, hypotension and renal impairment in the presence of a risk factor
Ix = raised urea, creatinine and potassium
Muddy brown/granular casts seen in urine

75
Q

Ix of renal stones?

A

Non-contrast CT KUB

76
Q

Which type of drug is tamulosin/alfuzosin? When are they used?

A

Alpha-1 antagonists
Used 1st line in the Mx of BPH

77
Q

What type of drug is finasteride? When is it used?

A

5-alpha reductase inhibitor. Used 2nd line in BPH or 1st line if there is a significantly enlarged prostate or high risk of progression

78
Q

What is the most common form of prostate cancer?

A

Adenocarcinoma

79
Q

Which ABPI indicated peripheral artery disease? How should you manage?

A

<0.9 = PAD, <0.5 = critical limb ischaemia
Start the patient on clopidogrel and atorvastatin and offer exercise training 1st line

80
Q

Mx oestrogen receptor positive breast cancer?

A

If pre-menopausal or peri-menopausal = tamoxifen
If post-menopausal = anastrazole

81
Q

Describe chronic pancreatitis?

A

Most commonly caused by alcohol XS
Sx = pain worse 15-30mins after a meal, steatorrhoea and DM
Ix = CT with IV contrast and faecal elastase (will be low)
Mx = enzyme supplements, analgesia and antioxidants

82
Q

What should you consider if a woman complains of blood stained discharge from the breasts?

A

Papiloma

83
Q

What should you always do in post-operative ileus?

A

Check and replace electrolytes

84
Q

Describe an epididymal cyst?

A

A scrotal swelling which is palpated separately from the body of the testicle. Often found posteriorly to the testicle it is the most common cause of scrotal swelling in primary care

85
Q

What can often be the presenting complaint in testicular cancer?

A

Testicular lump or gyanecomastia

86
Q

What is the recommended pain relief for renal stones?

A

IM Diclofenac

87
Q

Where should you give TPN into?

A

A central vein e.g. subclavian

88
Q

Mx of rectal tumour?

A

Anterior resection unless on the anal verge then do an abdomino-perineal resection

89
Q

Mx of a sigmoid colon tumour?

A

High anterior resection

90
Q

Mx of distal transverse or descending colon tumour?

A

L hemicolectomy

91
Q

Mx of caecal, ascending or proximal transverse colon tumour?

A

R hemicolectomy

92
Q

Mx of sigmoid perforation or bowel obstruction caused by a tumour?

A

Hartmann’s procedure

93
Q

Mx of BPH causing urinary frequency/urgency?

A

Oxybutynin as there is likely to also be an overactive bladder

94
Q

Mx of severe PAD or critical limb ischaemia?

A

Is stenosis <10cm or aortic iliac disease = endovascular revascularisation
If stenosis >10cm or lesion of the common femoral artery = femoral artery bypass graft

95
Q

Which types of shock can cause warm peripheries?

A

Distributive shock (neurogenic, septic or anaphylactic shock)

96
Q

What is the most common causative organism in ascending cholangitis?

A

E.coli

97
Q

What should you suspect in a patient with diverticulitis Sx and pneumaturia or faecaluria?

A

Colovesical fistula

98
Q

What should you offer to those with chronic pancreatitis annually?

A

HbA1c monitoring

99
Q

1st line Ix of decreased ABPI?

A

Duplex USS.
Before any interventions perform MR angiography

100
Q

How do NSAIDS affect bone healing?

A

They slow it down

101
Q

Where is the location of the stenosis in buttock claudication and calve claudication respectively?

A

Buttock claudication = ileac artery stenosis
Calve claudication = femoral artery stenosis

102
Q

Mx of free fluid in the abdomen after trauma?

A

If minimal free fluid and haemodynamically stable = conservative Mx
If severe or haemodynamically unstable = laparotomy

103
Q

Mx of a varicocoele?

A

Conservative unless there is pain then Mx with surgery

104
Q

Mx of bladder carcinoma in situ?

A

Trans-urethral removal of bladder tumour

105
Q

Mx of invasive bladder carcinoma?

A

Radical cystecomy

106
Q

What is decompression haematuria?

A

Haematuria which may occur after catheterisation of chronic urinary retention. So long as the pt is stale no management is required

107
Q

Mx of stress incontinence where pelvic floor exercises fail?

A

Duloxetine

108
Q

Mx of local anaesthetic toxicity?

A

Lipid emulsion

109
Q

Mx of mastitis?

A

1st line = continue breast feeding
If there is systemic illness, nipple fissures or Sx are not improving after 12-24 hours of effective milk removal give PO flucloxacillin for 10-14 days
Continue breast feeding whilst on Abx

110
Q

True or false, ACS can present with abdo pain?

A

TRUE!
Do ECG if you are suspicious

111
Q

Which type of testicular cancer has the best prognosis?

A

Seminomas

112
Q

What does blockage of the cystic duct cause?

A

RUQ pain but no jaundice

113
Q

Umbilical vs paraumbilical hernias?

A

Umbilical hernias = symmetrical and below the umbilicus
Paraumbilical hernias = asymmetrical, may be above or below the umbilicus

114
Q

What is an epigastric hernia?

A

Found between the umbilicus and xiphisternum

115
Q

True or false, beta blockers can cause ED?

A

TRUE

116
Q

What are the stages of haemorrhagic shock?

A

Stage I = <15% blood loss, is fully compensated for
Stage II = 15-30% blood loss, increased HR
Stage III = 30-40% blood loss, increased HR, low BP and confusion
Stage IV >40% blood loss, increased HR, severely low BP and LOC

117
Q

What should you consider as the diagnosis in men with urinary problems and a Hx of Gonnorhoea?

A

Urethral stricture

118
Q

What does an ABPI indicate?

A

Vessel calcification, often secondary to DM

119
Q

How can you assess Hep B with the antibodies?

A

HBsAg = current infection
HbeAg = marker of infectivity
Anti-HBs = immunity (either a previous exposure or immunisation, is negative in chronic disease)
Anti-HBc = previous or current infection IgM if infection is current or recent (last 6/12), IgG if chronic

120
Q

What will indicate Hep B immunisation?

A

Anti-HBs positive, everything else is negative

121
Q

What will indicate previous Hep B infection?

A

Anti-HBc positive, HBsAg negative if not a carrier, positive if now a carrier

122
Q

How do haemangiomas appear on USS?

A

They are hyperechoic

123
Q

What is the most common renal tumour?

A

Renal adenocarcinoma

124
Q

What is periductal mastitis?

A

A recurrent breast infection seen in smokers. Mx = co-amoxiclav

125
Q

What is Mandor’s disease of breast?

A

Thrombophlebitis of the breast veins

Finals Revision (23 decks)

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