Surface Process On The Earth

Question 0

Rock cycle

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Answer 0

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Question 1

What are the three main types of rock? How are they formed? Give an example of each.

Answer 1

Igneous, Metamorphic, and Sedimentary.

Igneous forms when magma/ lava cools and hardens. Granite

Metamorphic rock if formed when rocks are changed by heat and pressure. Marble or Quartzite

Sedimentary rock is formed when rocks break into sediments. Chalk

Question 2

Explain the two types of weathering

Answer 2

Chemical weathering and mechanical weathering.

Chemical- rocks & minerals change in composition

Mechanical- rocks & minerals break into smaller pieces & change size or shape

Question 3

Two factors that influence mechanical weathering

Answer 3

Temperature (frost wedging) and pressure (tree roots/ exfoliation)

Question 4

Two factors influencing chemical weathering

Answer 4

Type of rock and temperature (higher temp= faster weathering)

Question 5

Four factors that influence rate of weathering

Answer 5

Climate, physical=cool, chemical=hot / evaporation

rock type/ composition, (some decay quicker than others)

Surface area ( more S area, quicker weathering) and 
Topography (slope= more erosion, less weathered)

Question 6

Explain the four types of erosion

Answer 6

Water erosion- most powerful agent of erosion

Glacial erosion- glaciers scrape and gauge if parts of earth, large chunks

Wind erosion- picks up fine materials & beat against the earth

Erosion by living things- humans excavate land

Question 7

Four things that make up soil

Answer 7

Regolith- minerals/ weathered rock fragments

Humus- weathered rock particles & decaying organic matter

Water

Living Organisms

Question 8

Four layers of soil and what they consist of

Answer 8

O/A, topsoil- organic matter, leaves, insects/microorganisms

B- subsoil- fine clay & lower plant root limit

C- bedrock (parent material)- little organic matter

Question 9

Five factors of soil formation

Answer 9

Climate

Topography

Parent material

Biological organisms

Time

Question 10

Three soil types, their location, color, and what they consist mostly of

Answer 10

Pedalfer- humid climates (southeastern), lots of clay, red-brown, aluminum/ iron

Pedocal- lots of calcium, dry, arid climates (southwestern), grasses & bush. Less clay, light grey-brown

Laterites- iron and aluminum, hot/ tropical & lots of rain, orange/ red because of rain, leaching.

Question 11

Ancient structures were build from these

Answer 11

Laterites

Question 12

What is a mass movement?

Answer 12

down slope movement of soil and weathered rock due to the force of gravity

Question 13

What do mass movements depend on?

Answer 13

Slope

Question 14

6 triggers of mass movement

Answer 14

Materials weight, Resistance, water, steepness, removal of vegetation, and earthquakes

Question 15

Describe the four main types of mass movements

Answer 15

Creep- slow downhill movement of loose earth, moves a few centimeters a year.

Flows, earth materials flow as if they were thick liquids (Lahar/ Mudflows)

Landslides- rapid downslope movement when this block of soil, rock, & debris separate from bedrock

Avalanche- movement of snow down a slope